What foreign car is the engine for the gazelle from?

Engine GAZ 560

The Russian Steer appeared at the Gorky Automobile Plant in 1998, when an Austrian company sold a license to the Russians. According to tests, the Austrian engine turned out to be the best among all diesel engines:

Used GAZ 560 engine ready for installation

• Was undemanding to fuel;
• Started well in sub-zero temperatures;
• Had good dynamics and high efficiency;
• I used diesel fuel sparingly.

The first copies of engines were assembled by Gorky residents mainly from imported parts, so the quality was excellent. It was planned to produce 250 thousand copies per year, taking into account that the products would be supplied to other Russian enterprises.

The main difference between the GAZ 560 internal combustion engine is its monoblock design. The block and cylinder head were inseparable from each other and formed a single whole. Advantages of this design:

• there is no head gasket, and replacement is not required if it overheats;
• coolant does not get into the oil because the gasket does not burn out;
• the block head cannot come loose since it is a monolithic part of the block.

  
  The process of engine repair for Gazelle

It should be noted that in theory everything is always better than in practice, and prototypes are not an indicator. Subsequently, many problems arose with the Russian “Steyer”, and purely Russian factors were to blame. The quality of the fuel sometimes turned out to be such that even the most adapted Russian diesel engine could not withstand it. And after parts for the motor began to be manufactured in Russia, motors began to fail much more often.

The monoblock design does not allow repair of the cylinder block or cylinder head:

• it is impossible to bore the block to fit the repair dimensions of the pistons;
• re-liner the cylinder block;
• The problem occurs even with a burnt out valve.

GAZ 560 turbines are very demanding on the quality of engine oil. Therefore, car owners who are accustomed to pouring any oil into the engine often have problems with the turbine.

This is what the GAZ 560 engine turbine looks like

In general, the cost of parts for the Russian Steyer is high - sometimes engine repairs were almost equal to the cost of the car itself. In 2008, the Gorky Automobile Plant abandoned such a capricious and expensive engine, although the characteristics of the diesel engine were simply wonderful.

Technical characteristics of GAZ 560

The 4-cylinder turbodiesel GAZ 560 was produced in several modifications:

• GAZ 560 with a power of 95 hp. With.;
• GAZ 5601 with an intercooler with a capacity of 110 hp. With.;
• GAZ 5601 with an intercooler and an upgraded control unit with a capacity of 125 hp. With.

The most common on the Gazelle was the 110-horsepower engine.

Engine assembly process for Gazelle

Technical characteristics of the internal combustion engine:

• Number of cylinders – four;
• Presence of turbocharging – yes;
• The arrangement of the cylinders is in one row;
• Engine volume – 2.1 l;
• Piston diameter – 85 mm;
• Piston stroke – 94 mm;
• Maximum speed – 4750;
• Compression ratio – 20.5;
• Fuel consumption – 11.5 liters per 100 km.

Fuel consumption may vary depending on load and operating conditions. It should be noted that for Sobol cars it is less. According to reviews on the forums, “Sobol” with “Steier” on the highway can consume 8 liters of diesel fuel per 100 km, which is simply an excellent indicator.

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Which engine should I buy a Gazelle with?

The Gazelle belongs to the class of commercial vehicles; the vehicle is constantly operated under heavy loads. The engine is required to:

Car owners have conflicting opinions about the UMZ-4215 and 4216 engines; there are many quality complaints. Even with Ulyanovsk internal combustion engines, a lot of gasoline is consumed, and when buying a used Gazelle car with a UMZ engine, if possible, it is better not to buy it.

The design of the ZMZ-405 engine is in many ways similar to the 4063 internal combustion engine, only an injector is installed instead of a carburetor, and the cylinders have a diameter of 95.5 mm instead of 92. The cylinder block of the “four hundred and fifth” is weaker, since with the liners being bored to a larger size, their walls became thinner, and if the block overheats, it can fail. The clutch on the Gazelle 405 is also subject to considerable loads, so it is better to install imported parts, for example, those manufactured by Kraft. If the car has a 4063 carburetor engine, it is not so difficult to convert it to an injector; for this you will need:

Chrysler 2.4 is not the worst engine, but it also has its problems:

Diesel engine options for GAZelle

It is logical that the simplest option in terms of installation is to install a Cummins diesel engine, which is installed at the factory. This motor is suitable in terms of overall dimensions, weight and other important parameters for placement in the engine compartment of a GAZelle car. At the same time, fewer modifications cannot be considered a strong argument for installing this diesel engine.

Among contract diesel engines for Gazelle, the Japanese diesel engine produced by Nissan is quite in demand. The factory engine index is QD32ETI, as well as its modifications TD27T, TD27ETI, QD32T.

The specified Japanese diesel engine from Nissan in the Gazelle has a number of advantages:

• reliable internal combustion engine design;
• good maintainability;
• high torque at low speeds;
• long service life before major overhaul with proper maintenance (minimum 500 thousand km);
• average fuel consumption for Gazelle with different types of bodies: 8-11l. per 100 km. mileage at an average speed of about 80-90 km/h;

The Nissan diesel engine of this modification received a cast iron cylinder head, which does not suffer from overheating. In such a motor, problems with

timing belt

thanks to the absence

drive belt

, there are no cracks in the valve seat area. The Japanese engine quickly reaches operating temperature. Various versions of this motor have a simple and reliable mechanical

injection pump

.

The second option on this unit is an electronically controlled fuel pump, which provides high torque and fuel efficiency. Installing a proven Japanese diesel engine in a GAZelle allows you to fully operate the vehicle at any load.

The diesel engine, which was originally installed on the Ford Transit Diesel, is no less popular in the GAZelle. The engine has a displacement of 2.5 liters. The specified engine is easier to find on sale compared to a diesel engine from Nissan. Installations with diesel internal combustion engines produced by Mercedes-Benz, Iveco, Peugeot, etc. are less common.

Diesel engine for GAZelle - which option can be installed?

The diesel engine in a GAZelle gives the car owner a number of operational advantages compared to a gasoline internal combustion engine. The most important thing is that fuel consumption is significantly less. This article will discuss diesel engines suitable for GAZelle, technical characteristics and installation features.

Content

What brands of engines are suitable for GAZelle

When driving a vehicle with a gasoline engine, many motorists wonder whether it is possible to install a diesel engine on a GAZelle? And really, with current gasoline prices you can’t travel much. The diesel engine in the GAZelle is popular among many motorists because it is economically beneficial. The GAZelle car line includes the following types of internal combustion engines: 402 engine, 405 and 406.

In some cases, installing a new engine is much preferable and more profitable than repairing it. But of course, not every engine is suitable in terms of dimensions and parameters; you should consider which internal combustion engines are suitable for a car of the GAZelle family:

• cummins;
• nissan;
• GAZ 560.

Installing a diesel engine gives the car a number of advantages, such as:

1. Fuel quality. Modern diesel engines are not picky about fuel quality.
2. Reliability. Such engines are highly reliable; if you change the oil on time, you can drive more than 500 thousand km without the need for repairs.
3. Traction. Cars with such internal combustion engines have high traction at low speeds.

Now it’s worth considering each motor in more detail.

Cumminis

Cummins is an American-made engine that is assembled in China. Cars with such engines consume fuel economically, and they also have many positive qualities. Owners of cars with a Cummins diesel engine note the following advantages:

• no dips or vibration;
• quiet engine operation;
• stable and sustainable work.

Here is a small list of the main technical characteristics:

• 4 cylinders;
• engine volume 2.78 l;
• 120 hp;
• turbocharging

According to the manufacturers, the mileage life of such a car before major repairs is 500 thousand km. In this case, fuel consumption varies from 8 to 11 liters, depending on driving speed.

But due to our low-quality fuel and many counterfeit spare parts, there are cases when it is necessary to repair the internal combustion engine earlier than the stated period; there have been cases when it had to be repaired already at 200 thousand kilometers. This engine has a design flaw; the oil sump is made of plastic, and it is quite easy to damage it on our roads.

Nissan

Diesel engines from the Japanese manufacturer Nissan are also quite popular in the domestic market. A car with such an engine can cover 600 thousand kilometers without major repairs. They are produced in several models:

The advantages of these engines that should be noted: high maintainability, reliable design, fuel consumption is 8-12 liters. The cast iron cylinder head housing (cylinder head) does not suffer from overheating. Also a distinctive feature is the quick access to operating temperature. Many motorists say about such engines: I install such an engine, and it works like a clock, quietly and stably.

GAZ 560

You can also install a domestic engine from the GAZ 560 on the GAZelle. Based on the results of the tests, the following results were summed up:

• unpretentious to fuel;
• starts well at sub-zero temperatures;
• high efficiency;
• low fuel consumption.

For a GAZelle (since it is mainly a commercial vehicle that carries out transportation), the main thing is that the car operates stably and without interruptions. For example, such an engine installed on the GAZelle Next car has proven itself from the best side. During the operation of the vehicle, it coped with its tasks perfectly. Now it’s worth considering the installation process itself, which you can do yourself.

Diesel engine installation process

The replacement process itself is not complicated and will not be difficult, but if the owner is not confident in his abilities and does not have the necessary tools, it is better to leave this matter to specialists and take the car to a service station. However, if the motorist nevertheless decides to replace it on his own, then the first thing he should do is study the design of the engine; diesel and gasoline engines differ from each other.

The first step is to remove the hood, then turn off the power from the battery, and remove all additional equipment. Then, using a special winch, you need to pull the engine out of the engine compartment.

Now the new motor must be installed in the engine compartment, with the gearbox housing going in first. All fasteners should be lubricated with engine oil, then gradually lowering the engine, they are inserted into the grooves and tightened thoroughly.

Now all the removed parts are installed on the car in the reverse order. Next, you should start the engine and check it for proper operation, check that all warning lights on the instrument panel are working. If the engine works perfectly, the job can be considered done.

From this it can be seen that the replacement process itself is quite simple, you just need to have time and an assistant. By the way, if you change the engine at a service station, it will be quite expensive.

Results

It's time to take stock. By installing a diesel engine in your car, the owner will significantly reduce the cost of purchasing fuel. Of course, initially you will have to pay a tidy sum for the purchase of a new engine, but then this money will quickly be recouped. In addition, cars with such engines have proven themselves excellent during operation. Many motorists who converted their car from gasoline to diesel were satisfied.

Best regards, Maxim Markov!

carsmotion.ru

What's the result?

So which engine is better - 402 or 406? The GAZelle, equipped with the first engine, picks up speed very poorly and can hardly bear the load. Because of this, the engine overheats and consumes oil. Which engine is better for a GAZelle? As for the 406 engine, it is an excellent alternative between the 402 and 405. The cost of GAZelles with this engine is an order of magnitude lower than with an injection unit. At the same time, the 406th engine has a modern 16-valve timing mechanism and huge potential for tuning. If desired, it can be boosted by replacing the piston group with an Ulyanovsk one. The main disadvantage of this engine is the carburetor. Now there are very few specialists involved in setting them up. But the carburetor requires constant maintenance and adjustment.

If we consider which engine is better - 405 or 406 for the GAZelle, the clear leader will be the ZMZ-405. This engine is devoid of previous disadvantages and requires less maintenance, since it is equipped with fuel injection. This engine has lower fuel consumption and high torque. The 405 engine does not overheat provided the antifreeze is replaced in a timely manner and has a long service life. Practice shows that this engine lasts 300 thousand kilometers before overhaul. However, the cost of GAZelles with this engine is much higher. This is perhaps the only drawback of this engine. Otherwise, the ZMZ-405 is a leader in the line of gasoline units. If the question is about which engine is better to put in the GAZelle, then definitely the 405th. This is the most reliable and durable power unit that has ever been installed on these cars.

Most controllers have a fixed voltage that cannot be adjusted after that. Therefore, the minimum voltage limit is also limited to a fixed value and cannot be increased. If the minimum voltage is reached, the controller shuts down the system to prevent damage. However, it only provides this protection for its own voltage limit. A risky setup is to connect a 48V battery to a 36V controller to get more power.

Diesel options for GAZ

Modern gasoline prices reduce the possibility not so much of servicing a gasoline engine as of purchasing fuel for its operation. Many car owners are wondering whether it is possible to correctly install a diesel engine on a GAZ car? Not every engine fits the overall dimensions of the selected GAZ model, but knowing the features of each system, you can correctly fit the device.

Car owners identify universal mechanisms of the following brands that are suitable for use on GAZ:

• Cummins;
• Nissan;
• GAZ 560.

Cummins engine

The most suitable choice for installation is the original Cummins system recommended by the manufacturer. The physical parameters of the device fully correspond to the dimensions of the engine compartment into which the GAZ engine is installed. The American engine, assembled in China, has excellent performance.

Vehicles with such an installation consume fuel economically. Installing a Cummins diesel engine opens a number of advantages for car owners:

• no noise during operation;
• no vibration;
• uninterrupted operation for a long time.

The mechanism has the following technical characteristics:

Gazelle with Cummins ISF 2.8 engine - device

• power – 120 l. With.;
• presence of turbocharging;
• volume – 2.8 l;
• number of cylinders – 4;
• number of cylinder banks – 1.

Low-quality fuel, which is often used by Russian motorists, can reduce the efficiency of this model. If the Cummins engine is used incorrectly, the device must be dismantled and repaired prematurely. In addition, the Cummins plastic oil sump is quite easy to damage on harsh Russian highways.

There are other models that are just as popular as the basic Cummins units. These devices differ from each other in technical parameters and operating features.

Diesel from Nissan

The Japanese diesel engine from Nissan has many admirers among car enthusiasts due to its performance parameters. The selected diesel engine for the Gazelle has a number of advantages:

• excellent internal combustion engine design;
• ease of maintenance;
• high torque;
• high mileage (from 500,000 km);
• economical fuel consumption (10 liters of fuel per 100 km at a speed of 90 km/h);
• silent operation;
• no overheating due to piston rings.

Nissan engine for GAZ

Engine GAZ 560

The used GAZ 560 mechanism has repeatedly proven its professional suitability in international tests. The clear advantages of the engine include the following qualities:

• good fuel tolerance;
• trouble-free starting at sub-zero temperatures;
• high efficiency;
• economical fuel consumption.

The monoblock design of the internal combustion engine is a distinctive feature of this engine. The integral arrangement of parts in the system has a number of positive properties:

• absence of a gasket in the block, which eliminates the need to replace it if it overheats;
• separation of coolant and fuel;
• strong fixation of all components as part of the whole mechanism.

GAZ-560 engine structure

This type of engine has several modifications with different power ratings in the range of 95 hp. With. – 125 l. With. General characteristics of the diesel system include:

• presence of turbocharging;
• number of cylinders — 4;
• number of rows of cylinders – 1;
• volume – 2 l;
• Fuel consumption – 11.5 liters per 100 km.

Power units installed on Gazelle

When buying a used car, a potential buyer is often faced with the problem of choosing which Gazelle engine to choose - throughout the entire serial production, GAZ equipped the cars with various engines; gasoline carburetor engines were installed on the cars:

• ZMZ-402 (modification 4026);
• ZMZ-406 (modification 4063);
• UMZ-4215.

Injection engines for commercial vehicles were installed in the following modifications:

• ZMZ-40522;
• UMZ-4216 (its modification UMZ-42164 Euro-4);
• Chrysler 2.4L.

There are few diesel engines for Gazelle:

• GAZ-560 (modifications 5602 and 5603);
• Cummins 2.8 l (since 2010 on a Gazelle-Business car).

Also, some car owners performed tuning - they replaced their native engine with an imported engine from another car model. Preference was given to diesel engines; Toyota and Nissan internal combustion engines were installed; the most popular engine model was the TD27T.

Gas 3302

3302 is an onboard vehicle, its carrying capacity is 1.5 tons. In 2003 and 2010 it underwent restyling. Motors installed on this model by manufacturers:

These are tilt cars, some of them had an extended wheelbase, others were standard. For example, modifications 330200 0404 and 330200 0748 were additionally equipped with a cabin with a sleeping bag.

Gas 33023 “Gazelle farmer”

This model is considered a cargo-passenger model. It is allowed to carry up to five passengers and cargo weighing 1 ton. This car runs smoothly both on the highway and on dirt roads. In the off-season, it easily overcomes broken rural roads through mud and snow.

It is better to install the following engine models on this Gazelle:

• UMZ 4216;
• ZMZ 40524;
• GAZ 5602;
• from Chrysler with an engine capacity of 2.4 liters.

Among this model you will also find tilt cars, with or without a sleeping place in the cabin, and some car models were equipped with power steering.

Gas 2705

This car is no longer flatbed. It has an all-metal body. By the way, special vehicles for ambulances, cash collectors, and auto laboratories were manufactured on its basis.

Some modifications are characterized by increased cross-country ability. The Gazelle 2705 utility vehicles are produced. The following types of engines are installed on them:

• UMZ 4216;
• ZMZ 40524;
• GAZ 5602;
• from Chrysler engine with a volume of 2.4 liters.

Almost all models come with all-wheel drive. Some engines are diesel, others are gasoline.

Gas 3221

This series of Gazelle minibuses, manufactured on the basis of model 2705, is equipped with suitable engine models for the previous series: ZMZ40524, GAZ 5602.

In addition to the identical wheelbase and body with the previous model, it has the following advantages:

• blocking the start of movement with the door open on school buses;
• speed limiter;
• loudspeakers;
• gable galvanized rear wheels;
• permanent all-wheel drive.

This vehicle from the Gazelle company is designed for travel on unpaved rural roads, highways, urban and rough terrain.

Gas 32213

This is an additional series of minibuses from the previous series. Produced since 1996. In 2003, it was equipped with additional equipment for heating the interior of the Gazelle bus.

This type of Gazelle is equipped with ZMZ 40524, GAZ 5602. The series of minibuses is equipped with power steering and ABS.

Gas 322132

This series of Gazelles is produced for minibuses in Russian cities. Experienced car owners do not recommend buying the first cars in this series. The traffic police and the authorities have complaints against them. Because passive safety has not been developed at the proper level.

However, since 2005 the buses have been modernized. These Gazelles have become widespread in the southern regions of Russia. Equipped with engines:

The latest modifications received a high roof, seat belts for passenger seats, ABS and power steering.

Gas 32214

This machine is designed to work in an ambulance. Manufactured on the basis of 2705. Equipped only with an engine from the ZMZ plant, model 40524.

Andoria engine on the Gazelle

The Polish Andoria diesel engine was not standardly installed at the car plant, but some commercial enterprises introduced this engine into new GAZ 3302 cars. They sold the car already equipped with this internal combustion engine. In particular, in Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod they sold such “Gazelles”, at the moment sales have been stopped and, perhaps, the company has already ceased its activities.

The Gazelle came with the following models: Andoria 4C90 and another turbocharged engine, Andoria 4CT90. Technical characteristics of the Andoria 4C90 diesel engine:

• The power of the power unit is 70 liters. With.;
• Cylinder diameter – 90 mm;
• Piston stroke – 95 mm;
• Compression ratio – 21.1;
• Engine volume – 2.4 l;
• Engine cooling is liquid;
• The weight of the power unit is 226 kg.

New Andoria engine for Gazelle

The Andoria 4CT90 model differs from the 4C90 only in that it has a turbocharger, due to this the power is increased to 90 hp. s., and the motor is several kilograms heavier.

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Types of power plants

Initially, these cars were equipped with units from All of them have an in-line arrangement of cylinders. From 1994 to 2003, the GAZelle 402 engine (carburetor) was installed. We’ll look at which one is better to choose later. With the release of the new generation of GAZelles (this is 2003), the engine line was replenished with another power unit. This is a ZMZ-406 motor. A year later, a more modernized unit, labeled ZMZ-405, began to be installed on GAZelle. What features do these power units have? Let's consider each of them separately.

Particularly modified sets can be driven to new peak speeds by applying higher voltages. Overvoltage work for all systems where the engine revolutions per minute are directly proportional to the voltage in volts. This means top speed can be increased by just under a third, and torque is also increased by a third, increasing mountain climbing ability. This is only due to the fact that, for example, for 20-inch wheels, the winding motors spin much faster than for 28-inch wound wheel models.

Ford motor

The second most famous is the Ford engine. When installing this motor, the car owner forgets about a number of problems associated with repair work. And also, if you install such an engine on a Gazelle, you can invest your finances once - buying a kit and the engine itself, as well as installation. After installation, large fuel costs are reduced. This is very beneficial when traveling long distances with a heavy load. Fuel consumption on the highway is 8-9 liters. per 100 km. revolutions up to 100 km/h. The engine has a belt, but the quality of the manufacturer remains at the top, so you don’t have to worry about breakdowns during the trip. The technical data of the engine allow the car to drive easily and without unnecessary stress. It will not be difficult for the car to drive onto a hill. The gazelle becomes easy to control on serpentines.

Ford engine installed in a gazelle

To overhaul the engine, the Gazelle must “run” about 500 thousand km. Before that you need to change the oil and filters. The only thing is that if you have an imported FORD engine, then instead of the usual antifreeze, you should fill in imported antifreeze. This will prolong the life of the motor and also improve its functionality in the cold season.

Read more: Ford Focus 2 taillights tuning

The Japanese engine in the GAZelle Next helps improve the technical capabilities of the vehicle. You can do the installation yourself.

Engine tuning

• Forcing. This is the most popular and sought-after tuning option for increasing the air power of the engine. This requires installing shafts, a vessel for taking in cool air, modifying the combustion chambers, and also increasing the diameter of individual channels.
• Turbocharger. To increase engine power you need to supercharge. The motor will tolerate increased pressure levels very well if a reinforced forged piston group is installed. You can also replace the injectors with more efficient and powerful ones.
• Inlet. To perform work on the intake system, you must have experience and act according to the instructions. You need to know all the features and characteristics of the ZMZ 405 Euro 3 motor. This operating process affects the characteristics of the internal combustion engine. To improve the filling of the cylinders on the high side, it is necessary to dismantle the air filter housing.

"Gazelle": disassembling the box. “Gazelle Next”: disassembling and assembling the gearbox

Features of diesel engine installation

As for the nuances in the process of installing a diesel engine on a UAZ with your own hands, alterations in some cases affect the engine mounting points and its sump. To get a fully functional UAZ 452 diesel, it is also necessary to modify the fuel supply and engine cooling system, make changes to the vehicle’s electrical equipment, etc. The total scope of modernization work will depend on the specific type of diesel internal combustion engine.

It is better to use internal combustion engine cushions from UAZ, as they are more affordable. An adapter may also be required to combine the clutch and gearbox. The transmission itself with a diesel engine is often left in the standard UAZ version.

At the final stage of self-installation of a diesel engine on a UAZ, GAZelle, Niva and other domestic models, it is advisable to add additional noise and vibration insulation to the engine compartment, since a diesel engine is noticeably louder and produces more vibrations compared to a gasoline engine.

The principle of installing an internal combustion engine on a Gazelle

It is a rare car enthusiast who will be disappointed by installing a diesel engine in his car. The advantages of internal combustion engines are undeniable and are confirmed in the operation of vehicles. The process of installing an engine on a GAZ is simple for those who are familiar with the basic skills of operating such devices.

Before installing a diesel engine, it is recommended to study the design of a diesel-based engine, since they differ from gasoline ones in their assembly. Actions must be performed in the following order:

Diesel on Gazelle

• free up engine compartment space;
• disconnecting power from the battery;
• removing the mechanism from the engine compartment;
• detaching installed equipment;
• installing a new engine in the engine compartment;
• preliminary lubrication of all fasteners;
• strong fixation of fasteners in the grooves using a key;
• Installing the removed equipment in the reverse order.

Working with an internal combustion engine is a pleasant procedure that will help car owners save money and time, as well as simplify the operation of the vehicle.

Related video: Installing the om606 engine on a GAZelle

An example of one of the replacements (SWAP) for 1JZ-GE

In the end, what's done

: - replacing the native Ulyanovsk engine with a Japanese 1JZ-GE - the original panel was left and synchronized - the original speed sensor is synchronized with the Japanese engine - a temperature sensor is connected - a tachometer is connected - the manifold and exhaust pipe are welded - a new required length of the driveshaft is made - new mountings for the airbag are made and boxes - all electrical is connected

Approximately 130 thousand rubles were spent on the purchase of an engine, spare parts, etc.

First start of the 1jz engine on Sobol.

Removing the original engine.

Delivery of engine for replacement 1jz-ge.

It is necessary to convert the collector into one pipe, and also synchronize the original speed sensor.

The 1jz-ge engine is installed, connected to the system.

The final stage of installing the jz engine.

Electrical work.

The final stage.

The replacement of the Sobol engine with the Japanese 1jz-ge engine has been completed.

Author: Dmitry_swap

Car toxicity test: going out into the city

Bosch is actively preparing for the introduction of the RDE (Real Driving Emissions) certification test. As the name suggests, it measures nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from real-world driving. The program includes three driving modes: city with speeds up to 60 km/h, suburban in the range of 60–90 km/h and highway with acceleration up to 145 km/h. The total test time is from 90 to 120 minutes, each of the three sections must cover at least 16 km. Such tests provide a picture as close as possible to ordinary life. Because of this, the volume of emissions turns out to be much higher than in the current “vegetable” NEDC cycle, as if specially tailored to obtain fantastic fuel consumption results. This does not mean that the cars will become “dirtier”, just that the results obtained using the new method are much closer to the real ones.