French multi-role fighter Dassault Aviation Rafale

Rafale airframe construction materials. From top to bottom: aluminum-lithium alloys; titanium alloys; organoplastics based on Kevlar; thermoplastic carbon fiber reinforced plastics

Nozzle devices of M88-2 engines. The detection receiver compartment of the Thales SPECTRA airborne defense complex, located at the base of the keel, is covered from below with a flap screen made of heat-resistant material.

Dassault "Rafal"

(French: Dassault Rafale, lit. “Squall”) is a French multi-role fighter of the fourth generation, developed by the French [4].

Made its first flight on July 4, 1986. Adopted by the French Navy and Air Force in 2004 and 2006, respectively[5].

Content

• 1 Design 1.1 Engine

Design

Made according to the traditional canard aerodynamic configuration for Dassault Aviation fighters [6] with an additional high-mounted front horizontal tail (the so-called canards)

), a mid-positioned delta wing with root swells and two engines in the rear fuselage.

The front rotating horizontal tail is located in front of the wing to increase the maneuverability of the aircraft (maximum operational load - 9 g). Single-keel. The power plant is twin-engine. Can be operated with a 400 m long runway.[7]

The fighter is equipped with OPS, radar with phased array/AFAR RBE/RBE2 (since 2012). Equipped with the Thales SPECTRA warning system, it includes: laser warning, radar warning, DDM-NG missile attack warning system (since 2012), consisting of 2 passive infrared sensors on the fin. The DDM-NG system allows you to obtain a spherical image in the IR range.[8]

The air intake channels are S-shaped and shield the compressor blades, thereby reducing the aircraft's ESR.

Engine

The first Rafale was tested on F404 engines, then the development of its own M88-2 engine began in 1987 and cost about 8.5 billion francs or about 1.5 billion euros. Serially produced since 1996. The M88 engine belongs to the 5th generation of engines. Design requirements for the 5th generation include the following stages: 3 pressure pressure, 5-6 pressure pressure, 1 high-pressure engine, 1 high-pressure pump, counter-rotation of rotors[9].

Engine type: twin-shaft bypass turbojet engine with afterburner, consists of a 3-stage low-pressure compressor (LPC), blades made of titanium alloys, 6-stage high-pressure compressor (HPC), annular combustion chamber with ceramic coating, gas temperature in front of the turbine +1580 °C, high pressure turbine (single stage), single stage low pressure turbine, afterburner, nozzle. FADEC control system. The unit box is located below. Monocrystalline turbine blades and discs made by powder casting.

Design[edit | edit code]

Made according to the “Duck” aerodynamic configuration traditional for Dassault Aviation fighters [7] with an additional high-mounted front horizontal tail (the so-called canards)

), a mid-positioned delta wing with root swells and two engines in the rear fuselage.

The front rotating horizontal tail is located in front of the wing to increase the maneuverability of the aircraft (maximum operational load - 9 g). Single-keel. The power plant is twin-engine. Can be operated with a 400 m long runway.[8]

The fighter is equipped with OPS, radar with phased array/AFAR RBE/RBE2 (since 2012). Equipped with the Thales SPECTRA warning system, it includes: laser warning, radar warning, DDM-NG missile attack warning system (since 2012), consisting of 2 passive infrared sensors on the fin. The DDM-NG system allows you to obtain a spherical image in the IR range.[9]

The air intake channels are S-shaped and shield the compressor blades, thereby reducing the aircraft's ESR.

Engine[edit | edit code]

The first Rafales were tested on F404 engines. Development of the company's own M88-2 engine began in 1987 and cost about 8.5 billion francs (about 1.5 billion euros). Serially produced since 1996. The M88 engine belongs to the 4th generation of engines. Design requirements for the 4th generation include stages: 3 pressure pressure, 5-6 pressure pressure, 1 high-pressure engine, 1 high-pressure pump, counter-rotation of rotors[10].

Engine type: twin-shaft bypass turbojet engine with afterburner, consists of a 3-stage low-pressure compressor (LPC), blades made of titanium alloys, 6-stage high-pressure compressor (HPC), annular combustion chamber with ceramic coating, gas temperature in front of the turbine +1580 °C, high pressure turbine (single stage), single stage low pressure turbine, afterburner, nozzle. FADEC control system. The unit box is located below. Monocrystalline turbine blades and disks made using powder technology. The engine gives the Rafale supersonic cruising speed with 2 missiles and an external fuel tank without afterburner.[11][12]

Options

Rafale B. 2007
As of February 2012, the company offers the following versions of the aircraft: Rafale C, Rafale M and Rafale B[10].

Rafale A Experimental demonstration. Rafale B Two-seater, land-based. Rafale C Single seat, ground based. Rafale D Original name Rafale C (renamed in 1990). Rafale M Single-seat, carrier-based.

The first prototype of the single-seat multi-purpose carrier-based aircraft Rafale M, created according to the ACM (Avion de Combat Marine) project, made its first flight on December 12, 1991. The main difference of this modification is the weight of the structure increased by 750 kg and reinforced Messier-Bugatti landing gear. Other differences include 13 hardpoints instead of 14, and a 2,000 kg reduced maximum take-off weight (19,500 kg). Rafale M modification Standard F1 was put into operation in December 2000 and reached full combat readiness in 2004.

Since mid-2006, aircraft of the Standard F2 modification began to enter service with the French Navy. They, like the French Air Force vehicles, were used during Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan[11].

Rafale N Double, carrier-based. Rafale BM Original name Rafale N. Carrier of nuclear weapons. Rafale DM Double for the Egyptian Air Force. Rafale EM Single for the Egyptian Air Force. Rafale DH Double for the Indian Air Force. Rafale EH Single seat for the Indian Air Force.

Multi-role fighter Rafale (France)

The Rafale multi-role fighter is designed for all-weather ground attacks to penetrate enemy air defenses at low altitude, perform air defense missions and gain air superiority. Capable of operating both at short and large distances from the departure airfield. The Rafale aircraft was conceived as an experimental fifth-generation advanced combat aircraft (ACX - Advanced Combat Experimental) to test the latest technologies that could later be used to create an aircraft designed to replace the French Air Force Jaguar and the French Navy Crusader and Super. Etandar." The first prototype, equipped with two General Electric turbofan engines.

On July 4, 1986, on its first flight it exceeded the speed of sound. After 2 years, the prototype demonstrated a series of landings on the aircraft carrier Clemenceau. In April 1989, the aircraft was temporarily put under repair for installation of an uprated SNECMA M88-2 turbofan engine in the left nacelle. In this version, it took off on February 27, 1990. Subsequently, the M88 engine was chosen for installation on production Rafale aircraft.

The Rafale aircraft has a canard design, with a delta wing and engine air intakes located under the fuselage bulges. Fly-by-wire flight control system. There is a system for reducing loads when exposed to gusts of wind and when driving on a runway with an uneven surface. The wing is equipped with automatically deflected three-section slats and three-section elevons along the entire span with simultaneous and differential deflection. New materials are widely used in the design (their mass accounts for 35% of the total mass of the aircraft airframe). Thus, the nose and tail of the fuselage, the front control surfaces, the fin, the rudder, the elevons and most of the wing parts are made of composite materials.

The middle part of the fuselage and the air intake panels are made of aluminum-lithium alloy, the slats are made of titanium. Experts say that the aircraft's landing gear is designed for landing at a vertical speed of 4 m/s. The power plant consists of two American-made F404 turbofan engines with a thrust of 7800 kgf each. It is reported that in production vehicles these engines will be replaced by more powerful M88 turbofan engines of our own production.

The aircraft is designed for maneuvering during air combat. To reduce the pilot's overload, the backrest of the pilot's seat has been tilted to 30-40°. The aircraft has a reduced static stability margin and is equipped with a fly-by-wire flight control system with quadruple redundancy on all channels. It works in conjunction with the power plant control system and is connected to the weapon control system.

2 modular design engines with afterburner thrust of 7440 kgf are installed. Starting from 2005, it is planned to install a more powerful version of the engine with a forced thrust of 8870 kgf.

The aircraft has a reduced static stability margin. The electronic remote control system provides good controllability at high angles of attack with automatic protection against reaching critical modes, reducing the impact of turbulence in flight at high speed at low altitude, as well as automatic control of engine thrust during landing.

The aircraft's target equipment includes the RBE2 radar, IR sensors for enemy missile launches, the SAGEM Ulis 52X INS with laser gyroscopes, as well as anti-jamming covert communications equipment for air-to-air and air-to-ground channels, and an identification system. Additionally, an automatic terrain following system, a SPECTRA defensive electronic system, and an optoelectronic forward-looking system are used. OSF helmet indicator, voice control system.

Rafale A is a prototype of the Rafale aircraft. It was slightly larger and heavier than the Rafale C/M aircraft and was equipped with two F404-GE-400 engines with a thrust of 6800 kg, on the basis of which the M88 engine was developed.

Rafale B is a prototype, ordered as a two-seat trainer version of the Rafale C aircraft, but retaining all the functionality.

Rafale C - two prototypes ordered as single-seat multi-role combat aircraft. The first aircraft, ordered in April 1988, flew in February 1991. Originally designated Rafale D, the French term for stealth aircraft, it was renamed Rafale C in 1990. The French Air Force requested 250 aircraft. in single and double versions.

Rafale M - two prototypes ordered for the French Navy as a carrier-based single-seat multi-role aircraft designated Rafale M. Similar to the Rafale C aircraft, but equipped with a landing hook and a modified nose strut of variable length. The Navy requested 86 vehicles.

The Kruse EVA II speech control system with a continuous speech decoder was tested on the Rafale A aircraft. The system dictionary is about 100 words, which are commands for changing the format of displaying information on indicators, switching radio ranges and operating modes of systems. The voice alarm system was also tested.

Armament includes a GIAT M791B 30 mm cannon on the side of the left air intake; 14 external hardpoints that can carry Mika, APACHE, Exocet or AS.30L air-to-surface missiles, unguided or laser-guided bombs; suspended containers with reconnaissance equipment, electronic intelligence ELINT or jammers.

TACTICAL AND TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS Crew, people. 1-2 Speed, km/h: maximum at an altitude of about 10 km 2100 maximum at an altitude of up to 3 km 1390 Practical flight distance, m 20000 Ferry range, km 4000 Weight, kg: maximum take-off 19500 normal take-off 14000 empty aircraft 9060 Maximum combat load, kt 6800 Take-off run (at normal take-off weight), m 400 Run length (at normal landing weight), m 300 Aircraft dimensions, m: wingspan 10.90 length 15.3 height 5.34 Engine: SNECMA M 88-2 turbofan engine , kgf 2 to 5000/7500

In service

Dassault Rafale operating countries

• France France - 152 Rafale, as of 2020. 180 pieces ordered[14]. French Air Force - 52 Rafale B and 48 Rafale C as of 2020.[15].
• French Navy - 44 Rafale M, as of 2020.[15]

Export supplies

• Qatar Qatar - 24 units. (2015)[14], 12 units. (2017)[17].
• Egypt Egypt - 24 units (2015)
• India - 36 units. (2016)[18][19]

On January 31, 2012 it became known that Dassault Aviation became the winner of the Indian MRCA tender (English) Russian. for the supply of 126 multirole fighters to the Indian Air Force. The French company Dassault Aviation insisted on 10.5 billion euros. In May the price was reduced to 7.8 billion. According to the terms of the tender, the winner will subsequently have to reinvest 50% of the contract value in Indian industry.

India is considering producing Gripen fighter jets to replace the MiG-21

India's decision to buy 36 Rafale fighter jets directly from France has sparked speculation about who will fill the gap if New Delhi does not order all 126 aircraft as previously expected (of which 108 are under license production contracts), reports business-standard.com April 18th. Indian Defense Minister Manohar Parrikar has bluntly stated that the Air Force needs light fighters to replace the MiG-21 fleet. "Rafale is not intended to replace the MiG-21; our Tejas fighter or a foreign one, which will be produced in India, is suitable for this purpose," he said.

Combat use

• War in Afghanistan (since 2001) - in March 2007, the first combat use of the Dassault Rafal took place.
• War in Libya - from March to October 2011, small groups of Rafales (along with Mirage 2000) patrolled Libyan airspace and also carried out targeted strikes on the troops and military installations of Muammar Gaddafi. At the Misrata airfield they destroyed at least five MiG-23 fighters and two Mi-35 attack helicopters[20].
• Military operation against the “Islamic State” - in 2015-2016, as part of the coalition forces, Charles de Gaulle launched strikes against ISIS forces in Iraq (and Syria?) from the aircraft carrier [21].

Incidents

• On December 6, 2007,
  a modification fighter
  Rafal B
  (serial number 316, fighter squadron 1/7 "Provence" (French l'escadron de chasse 1/7 "Provence") of the French Air Force)[22], took off from the Seine air force base -Dizier, crashed at 18:30 local time, near the village of Neuvic, in central France. The plane was performing a training flight. The reason is a failure in the fly-by-wire flight control system. The pilot, Captain Emmanuel Moriuser (French: Le capitaine Emmanuel Moriuser), was killed.
• On September 24, 2009,
  
  Rafale M
  modification fighters (serial numbers 22 and 25, 12th flotilla of the French Navy)[23] fell into the Mediterranean Sea 30 km from the city of Perpignan as a result of a collision. The disaster occurred at 18:10 local time, when the planes were returning to the aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle. According to information from the Bureau of Accident Investigation at the Ministry of Defense (French Bureau enquetes accident de la Defense), the cause of the disaster was human error. The pilot of one of the fighters, Captain 3rd Rank Jean Beaufils (French: Capitaine de corvette Yann Beaufils) ejected. The pilot of the second fighter, Captain 2nd Rank François Duflot (French: Capitaine de fregate François Duflot) was killed.
• On November 28, 2010,
  a modification fighter
  Rafale M
  (serial number 18, 12th flotilla of the French Navy) fell into the Arabian Sea while returning to the aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle after completing a combat mission to support coalition forces in a counter-terrorism operation in Afghanistan. The accident occurred 100 km off the coast of Pakistan. The reason is a technical malfunction. The pilot ejected and was picked up by a rescue helicopter.
• July 2, 2012
  - a French Rafale carrier-based fighter crashed during a training exercise. The incident occurred in the Mediterranean Sea with an aircraft based on the aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle. The pilot managed to eject and survived; after some time he was picked up by an American helicopter. Joint exercises of aircraft carriers of France and the United States took place in the Mediterranean.

Incidents[edit | edit code]

• On December 6, 2007,
  a modification fighter
  Rafal B
  (serial number 316, fighter squadron 1/7 "Provence" (French l'escadron de chasse 1/7 "Provence") of the French Air Force) [26], took off from the Seine air force base -Dizier, crashed at 18:30 local time, near the village of Neuvic, in central France. The plane was performing a training flight. The reason is a failure in the fly-by-wire flight control system. The pilot, Captain Emmanuel Moriuser (French: Le capitaine Emmanuel Moriuser), was killed.
• On September 24, 2009,
  
  Rafale M
  modification fighters (serial numbers 22 and 25, 12th flotilla of the French Navy)[27] fell into the Mediterranean Sea 30 km from the city of Perpignan as a result of a collision. The disaster occurred at 18:10 local time, when the planes were returning to the aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle. According to information from the Bureau of Accident Investigation at the Ministry of Defense (French Bureau enquetes accident de la Defense), the cause of the disaster was human error. The pilot of one of the fighters, Captain 3rd Rank Jean Beaufils (French: Capitaine de corvette Yann Beaufils) ejected. The pilot of the second fighter, Captain 2nd Rank François Duflot (French: Capitaine de fregate François Duflot) was killed.
• On November 28, 2010,
  a modification fighter
  Rafale M
  (serial number 18, 12th flotilla of the French Navy) fell into the Arabian Sea while returning to the aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle after completing a combat mission to support coalition forces in a counter-terrorism operation in Afghanistan. The accident occurred 100 km off the coast of Pakistan. The reason is a technical malfunction. The pilot ejected and was picked up by a rescue helicopter.
• July 2, 2012
  - the French carrier-based fighter
  Rafale M
  (serial number 24, 12th flotilla of the French Navy) crashed during an exercise. The incident occurred in the Mediterranean Sea with an aircraft based on the aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle. The pilot managed to eject and survived; after some time he was picked up by an American helicopter. Joint aircraft carrier exercises between France and the United States took place in the Mediterranean.[28]

Performance characteristics

Dassault Rafale

Specifications

• Crew:
  1-2 people
• Length:
  15.30 m[24]
• Wingspan:
  10.90 m
• Height:
  5.30 m
• Wing area:
  45.7 m²
• Empty weight:
  10,000 kg
• Normal take-off weight:
  14,710 kg
• Maximum take-off weight:
  24,500 kg
• Payload weight:
  9500 kg
• Fuel mass in internal tanks
  4700 kg[25]
• Fuel mass in PTB:
  6700 kg
• Engine:
  2 × bypass turbojet with afterburner SNECMA M88-2-E4 engine dry weight: 897 kg
• maximum thrust: 2×5100 kgf
• afterburner thrust: 2×7500 kgf
• gas temperature in front of the turbine: +1577 °C (1850 K)

Flight characteristics

• Maximum speed at high altitude:
  ~ 1915 km/h (=1.8)[25]
• Radius:
  1800 km
• Combat radius:
  1389 km in suspension version: 3 PTB, 2 MICA missiles, 2 Мeteor missiles, 6 LGB/PGM, 1 Navigation POD.
• Service ceiling:
  15,240 m[24]
• Climbing rate:
  >305 m/s (18,300 m/min)[25]
• Wing load:
  326 kg/m²
• Thrust-to-weight ratio:
  1,03
• Maximum operational overload:
  −3.2/+9.0 g[25]

Armament

• Cannon:
  1x30 mm Nexter DEFA 791B (rate of fire 2500 rounds/min), ammunition - 125 rounds of OPIT type (armor-piercing incendiary tracer) with a bottom fuse.
• Missiles:
  air-to-air: MICA, AIM-9, AIM-120, AIM-132, MBDA Meteor, Magik II
• "air-to-surface": ASMP with nuclear warhead, Apache, AM-39, Storm Shadow, AASM.

Engine

• Forced thrust: 7440 kgf
• Specific fuel consumption Without afterburner: 0.875 kg per kgf per hour
• Afterburner: 1.75 kg per kgf per hour

At the beginning of 2001, it turned out that the engines of Rafale aircraft intended for deployment on an aircraft carrier required technical maintenance every 150 hours of flight time[26], while in field conditions such maintenance could not be carried out more often than every 500 hours. As a result, the entire batch of Rafale aircraft was rejected [ clarify

].

Analogues[edit | edit code]

• Mitsubishi F-2 - Japanese fighter based on the F-16;
• AIDC F-CK-1 - Taiwanese light fighter;
• HAL Tejas - Indian light fighter;
• Chengdu J-10 - Chinese fighter
• Chengdu FC-1 Xiaolong - Chinese-Pakistani fighter

Table: comparative characteristics of aircraft that took part in the Indian MMRCA tender

Analogs

• Mitsubishi F-2 - Japanese fighter based on the F-16;
• AIDC F-CK-1 - Taiwanese light fighter;
• HAL Tejas - Indian light fighter;
• Chengdu J-10 - Chinese fighter
• Chengdu FC-1 Xiaolong - Chinese-Pakistani fighter

Table: comparative characteristics of aircraft that took part in the Indian MMRCA tender

Production[edit | edit code]

In 2009, the French Ministry of Defense ordered an additional 60 fighters[15].

On December 7, 2011, French Defense Minister Gerard Longuet said that Rafale production would be curtailed (after the company fulfills a paid order for the French Air Force for 180 aircraft) if foreign orders for the fighter do not appear[16], despite the fact that that there is no promising replacement for “DR” yet.

On January 31, 2012 it became known that Dassault Aviation became the winner of the Indian MMRCA tender (English) Russian. for the supply of 126 multirole fighters to the Indian Air Force. The French company Dassault Aviation insisted on 10.5 billion euros. In May the price was reduced to 7.8 billion. According to the terms of the tender, the winner will subsequently have to reinvest 50% of the contract value in Indian industry.

Notes

1. OrBat France - MilAvia Press.com: Military Aviation Publications
2. ↑ 12
   France will improve Rafale fighters for the Navy
3. The French Rafale fighter won an international tender for the first time Archived on February 3, 2012.
4. The Elysee Palace welcomes the victory of Rafales in the Indian tender
5. The contract for the supply of Rafale fighter jets to the UAE Air Force may be signed in November
6. Bulat, Pavel.
   On the way to the fifth and sixth generations. Part VI (inaccessible link)
7. Rafale page, Federation of American Scientists site, accessed February 14, 2010
8. [1] Archived from the original on July 2, 2013. // MBDA - e-catalogue
9. Inozemtsev A. A., Sandratsky V. L. Gas turbine engines. Perm, 2006, Aviadvigatel JSC, p. 121
10. Optimized airframe Archived December 6, 2009.
11. World aviation. Complete encyclopedia. Issue 103: Dassault Rafale. File 1010, sheet 09
12. The French armed forces will receive 60 more Rafale fighters. Lenta.ru (November 13, 2009). Retrieved August 12, 2010. Archived March 2, 2012.
13. Rafale production will be closed due to lack of orders
14. ↑ 12
    2015 Results Presentation
15. ↑ 12
    The Military Balance 2017
16. Egypt receives first single-seat Rafales
17. Qatar signs on to buy 12 Rafale fighter jets from France (Russian). The Washington Post
    (December 7 2017). Retrieved December 8, 2020.
18. India and France signed a contract for the supply of 36 Rafale fighters
19. the contract between was signed in New Delhi. The deal is valued at 8 billion euros
20. THE LIBYAN UPRISING: AN UNCERTAIN TRAJECTORY, p.31
21. How a French aircraft carrier bombs the Islamic State // BBC (video)
22. Rafale fighter jet crashes in central France
23. French Navy: fighter jets that crashed over the Mediterranean collided
24. ↑ 12
    Specifications and performance data Archived January 28, 2012.
25. ↑ 1234
    Aircraft Characteristics Archived January 28, 2012.
26. https://www.dassault-aviation.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files/2012/08/Fox_Three_nr_2.pdf
27. Official Rafale specifications
    , FR: Dassault, .
28. Official Typhoon Specifications
    , Eurofighter, .
29. Eurofighter Typhoon
    , DE: Luftwaffe, .
30. F-16C/D Factsheet. US Air Force
31. F-16 Specifications. Lockheed Martin
32. F/A-18E/F Super Hornet page. Boeing
33. Super Hornet Overview. Boeing (PDF)
34. Aircraft Museum - F/A-18E/F Super Hornet. Aerospace Web. Retrieved 2011-02-01.
35. ↑ 123

    
    , Blogspot, <>

36. Official Gripen IN Technical Specifications
    , SE: Saab, .
37. Pressbrief Gripen NG
    , NL, 8 Aug, . Retrieved February 1, 2011. .
38. ↑ 1 2 Saab NG presentation
    , JSF Nieuws, p. 5, .
39. MiG-35
    , RU: MiG Arabia, .
40. MiG-29M2 specifications. RAC MiG (the MiG-29M2 is similar to the MiG-35).
41. MiG-35
    , Deagel, .
42. MiG-35 specifications. Airforce technology. (Ferry range with three external fuel tanks 3,100 km).
43. Aero India 2007 Brochure
    , Bharat-Rakshak, .
44. F-16 Versions - F-16E/F. F-16.net. Retrieved on 2011-02-01.
45. Technische Daten Eurofighter Austria
    , AT: Air Power, .
46. "Gripen Dimensions". Saab
47. https://www.saabgroup.com/Global/Documents%20and%20Images/Air/Gripen/Gripen%20product%20sheet/Gripen_Dimensions.pdf
48. "Fox Three." dassault-aviation.com
    .
49. Austrian Airforce
50. Gripen Supercruises
51. EFA-2000 Eurofighter. fas.org. Retrieved on 2011-02-01.
52. French Rafale fighter jet wins international tender for the first time
53. French Rafale fighter jet wins international tender for the first time
54. Report on US Competitiveness in the Fighter Aircraft Export Market. CSIS
55. Capaccio, Tony
    . Lockheed F-35 Program Faces $1 Billion Cut in US Senate Spending Measure (December 16, 2010). Retrieved September 12, 2011.

Notes[edit | edit code]

1. OrBat France - MilAvia Press.com: Military Aviation Publications (unspecified)
   (unavailable link). Retrieved November 21, 2009. Archived May 4, 2011.
2. ↑ 12
   France will improve Rafale fighters for the Navy
3. The French Rafale fighter won an international tender for the first time Archived on February 3, 2012.
4. Military Watch "French Rafale Deliveries Continue at Snail's Pace"
5. The Elysee Palace welcomes the victory of Rafales in the Indian tender
6. The contract for the supply of Rafale fighter jets to the UAE Air Force may be signed in November
7. Bulat, Pavel.
   On the way to the fifth and sixth generations. Part VI Archived copy from August 11, 2011 on the Wayback Machine
8. Rafale page, Federation of American Scientists site, accessed February 14, 2010
9. [1] Archived from the original on July 2, 2013. // MBDA - e-catalogue
10. Inozemtsev A. A., Sandratsky V. L. Gas turbine engines. Perm, 2006, Aviadvigatel JSC, p. 121
11. Air defense mission for fleet F12 (unspecified) // Fox Three. - Rafale International, 2005. - Vol. 8. - P. 8. Archived November 22, 2007.
12. M88 – 2 E4: Advanced New Generation Engine for Rafale Multirole Fighter // AIAA/ICAS International Air and Space Symposium and Exposition: The Next 100 Years (English) / Desclaux, Jacques; Serre, Jacques. - Dayton, Ohio: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2003. - ISBN 978-1-56347-601-3.
13. Optimized airframe Archived December 6, 2009.
14. World aviation. Complete encyclopedia. Issue 103: Dassault Rafale. File 1010, sheet 09
15. The French armed forces will receive another 60 Rafale fighters (unspecified)
    . Lenta.ru (November 13, 2009). Retrieved August 12, 2010.
16. Rafale production will be closed due to lack of orders
17. name=”mu1″р 2020 Results Presentation
18. ↑ 12
    The Military Balance 2017
19. ↑ 12
    World Air Forces 2020
20. First Indian Air Force Rafale Handover to the Government of India
21. India and France signed a contract for the supply of 36 Rafale fighters
22. the contract between was signed in New Delhi. The deal is valued at 8 billion euros
23. Qatar signs on to buy 12 Rafale fighter jets from France (Russian). The Washington Post
    (December 7, 2017). Retrieved December 8, 2020.
24. THE LIBYAN UPRISING: AN UNCERTAIN TRAJECTORY, p.31
25. How a French aircraft carrier bombs the Islamic State // BBC (video)
26. Rafale fighter jet crashes in central France
27. French Navy: fighter jets that crashed over the Mediterranean collided
28. Accident Dassault Rafale M 24, 02 Jul 2012
29. ↑ 12
    Specifications and performance data Archived January 28, 2012.
30. ↑ 1234
    Aircraft Characteristics Archived January 28, 2012.
31. Défense - Dassault Aviation (unspecified)
    (unavailable link). Retrieved January 14, 2020. Archived November 2, 2014.
32. Official Rafale specifications
    , FR: Dassault, .
33. Official Typhoon Specifications
    , Eurofighter, .
34. Eurofighter Typhoon
    , DE: Luftwaffe, .
35. F-16C/D Factsheet. US Air Force
36. F-16 Specifications. Lockheed Martin
37. F/A-18E/F Super Hornet page. Boeing
38. Super Hornet Overview. Boeing (PDF)
39. Aircraft Museum - F/A-18E/F Super Hornet. Aerospace Web. Retrieved 2011-02-01.
40. ↑ 123
    , Blogspot, <>
41. Official Gripen IN Technical Specifications
    , SE: Saab, .
42. Pressbrief Gripen NG
    , NL, 8 Aug, . Retrieved February 1, 2011. .
43. ↑ 1 2 Saab NG presentation
    , JSF Nieuws, p. 5, .
44. MiG-35
    , RU: MiG Arabia, .
45. MiG-29M2 specifications. RAC MiG (the MiG-29M2 is similar to the MiG-35).
46. MiG-35
    , Deagel, .
47. MiG-35 specifications. Airforce technology. (Ferry range with three external fuel tanks 3,100 km).
48. Aero India 2007 Brochure
    , Bharat-Rakshak, .
49. F-16 Versions - F-16E/F. F-16.net. Retrieved on 2011-02-01.
50. Technische Daten Eurofighter Austria
    , AT: Air Power, .
51. "Gripen Dimensions". Saab
52. https://www.saabgroup.com/Global/Documents%20and%20Images/Air/Gripen/Gripen%20product%20sheet/Gripen_Dimensions.pdf
53. "Fox Three." dassault-aviation.com
    .
54. Austrian Airforce
55. Gripen Supercruises
56. EFA-2000 Eurofighter. fas.org. Retrieved on 2011-02-01.
57. French Rafale fighter jet wins international tender for the first time
58. French Rafale fighter jet wins international tender for the first time
59. Report on US Competitiveness in the Fighter Aircraft Export Market. CSIS
60. Capaccio, Tony
    . Lockheed F-35 Program Faces $1 Billion Cut in US Senate Spending Measure (December 16, 2010). Retrieved September 12, 2011.

Links

• UAE will find an alternative to Rafale fighters on the open market // Nov 2011