This article is about the class of short-barreled firearms; for pistols with modern reloading principles, see: Self-loading pistol.
This term has other meanings, see Pistol (meanings).
The Makarov pistol
Pistol "Walter P99" disassembled
Flintlock pistols
Gun
(French pistolet ← French pistole from Czech píšťala - “pipe, pipe”) - a hand-held short-barreled small arms weapon designed to hit targets at a range of up to 25-50 meters. It can be either firearm or pneumatic. Early pistols were usually single-shot, with a smooth or rifled barrel. Modern pistols are mostly self-loading, rifled, with a significant magazine (from 5-7 to 15-20 or more rounds).
Story
Pistols of the 15th–19th centuries
Cavalry and ordinary wheeled pistols
The first pistols appeared in the 15th century. They were a short barrel mounted on a wooden block with a matchlock. Leonardo da Vinci invented a wheel lock for a pistol (started with a key) - this is his only invention that received recognition during his lifetime.
Pistols of that time were very different in design and purpose. Short pistols (puffers) were used for point-blank shooting. Long cavalry pistols had sufficient lethality at a range of up to 30-40 meters against an unprotected target. Heavy armor (like Maximilianovsky), however, they rarely penetrated even when fired at point-blank range, and the bullet speed rarely exceeded 150-160 m/s (for pocket “puffers” it could be less than 100 m/s).
In the 17th-18th centuries, the wheel lock was supplanted by the flintlock, which was less reliable in terms of misfires, but easier to load, cheaper and not afraid of dirt; in the first half of the 19th century, the latter was replaced by a capsule or piston lock.
Since the flintlock pistol was single-shot, various attempts were made to increase the pistol's rate of fire. This led to the appearance of double-barreled and even multi-barreled samples. Already in the 16th century, a revolver was invented (that is, a pistol with a drum - one of the first examples of Russian work from the beginning of the 17th century is kept in the Armory).
Six-shot revolver with wheel lock (~1590)
However, it did not become widespread because it was very expensive, difficult to manufacture and bulky, the powder gases in it often burst out, and at the same time it did not provide the main advantage of the later revolver - continuous shooting (due to the features of the flintlock, which required adding gunpowder after each shot on the shelf). Most often, single-shot pistols were made and carried in pairs, allowing at least two shots to be fired one after the other.
Later, for greater accuracy of the shot, rifling was made in the barrel of the pistol, which allowed the bullet to rotate in flight and hit the target accurately. This technology is prevalent today.
Dueling weapon
By the beginning of the 19th century, with the disappearance of the sword from everyday use, pistols became the main dueling weapon. The duel with flintlock pistols is described in detail in A. Pushkin’s novel “Eugene Onegin”:
Now the pistols are already flashing, the hammer rattles on the ramrod, bullets go into the faceted barrel, and the trigger clicks for the first time. Here the gunpowder is pouring onto the shelf in a bluish stream. Serrated, Securely screwed in flint Cocked yet...
Of the pistol makers of the Napoleonic era, Jean Le Page (Lepage) was especially famous, with whose pistols Pushkin’s heroes and Pushkin himself were shot, except for his last fatal duel. Pushkin shot with Dantes using pistols from the Dresden master Karl Ulrich, which belonged to the French envoy Barant. Three years later, Barant’s brother Ernest used the same pistols to shoot at Lermontov. Nowadays they are kept in the Postal Museum in Grenoble (France)). Ulrich's pistols, unlike Le Page's, were not flintlock, but more advanced - capsule.
In the 20th century, old-style single-shot pistols with a cap lock continued to be used in duels - in other areas of life they had long been supplanted by revolvers and automatic pistols.
Self-loading pistols
Pistol Vis.35 - automatic with a short barrel stroke
Bersa Thunder 380 pistol
Self-loading pistols automatically carry out the reloading process using the energy of powder gases. This distinguishes them from non-automatic pistols and revolvers, in which the reloading mechanisms are activated by the muscular strength of the shooter.
At the end of the 19th century, numerous attempts were made to create such a pistol. By the beginning of the 20th century, the Luger P08 and Mauser C96 models were developed [Note. 1]. In 1909, the Roth-Steyr M1907 self-loading pistol was adopted by the Austrian cavalry.[1] This was the first time a large military formation adopted a self-loading pistol.
In the period between the world wars, self-loading pistols gained dominance over revolvers, which were removed from standard weapons in the army and police of most countries and were pushed into the area of mainly self-defense weapons.
Currently, the vast majority of modern pistols are self-loading.
Abroad, self-loading pistols with a single-fire function are called semi-automatic
(English: Semi-automatic pistol).
Automatic pistols
Some self-loading pistols also have the ability to conduct fully automatic fire (Soviet APS, Austrian Glock-18) or fire in bursts of constant length (Italian Beretta 93R), but this ability is used quite rarely, since the low mass of the pistol leads to a large dispersion of bullets when firing, and in the case of an increase in mass and, often, size, the weapon moves into the class of submachine guns. One of the smallest automatic pistols was the Hummingbird pistol.
Abroad, pistols that have the ability to fire continuously are called machine guns
(eng. Machine pistol).
In Russian terminology - automatic
or
self-firing
.
Sporting target pistols
Sports pistol
A sports-target pistol is a pistol for sports shooting at a round target. They are single-shot and multi-shot, most often they use a small-caliber rimfire cartridge (5.6 mm), such as the MTs-55 or TOZ-35 pistols. They are distinguished by increased manufacturing precision, adjustable sights, a lighter trigger, devices for balancing, and “anatomical” handles made individually according to the shooter’s hand.
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Type 26
This weapon is also known as the Hino revolver. It was developed in Japan in 1893 and was also adopted by the Imperial Japanese Army. This model got its name due to the special chronology that is still used in its homeland.
Initially, it was decided to adopt this revolver for cavalry use. In this case, a safety cord was used, attached to a ring on the handle. It is a breakaway style pistol and was somewhat similar to the early Smith & Wesson models. The trigger worked without a spoke. The weapon used 9×22 mm R cartridges.
