Before the world had time to get used to the coronavirus, a new scourge struck: cases of bubonic plague were suddenly recorded in China. The terrible disease was confirmed in a herdsman in Inner Mongolia, an autonomous region in northern China bordering Mongolia and Russia. According to the health committee of the city of Bayan-Nur, the infected man had previously been to an epidemiological focus of the bubonic plague. Now his condition is assessed as stable, and the third level of epidemiological alert has been declared in the city. According to local authorities, there is a threat of the disease spreading among local residents. As precautionary measures, people are not recommended to hunt wild animals, avoid the habitats of rodents that are carriers of plague, and at the first cases of illness (especially at high temperatures) immediately consult a doctor.
In addition, two days before the described case in Western Mongolia (the Mongolian region bordering the Russian Altai Republic), two people infected with bubonic plague were immediately identified. They turned out to be a 27-year-old man and a girl whose age is unknown; doctors assess her condition as critical. It is reported that by the time the first symptoms of the disease appeared, the girl had direct contact with at least 60 people, and indirectly with more than 400. According to local doctors, all potentially infected people were quarantined, and the city of Khovd, where all this happened, is closed to entry and departure.
Is the world facing a new plague? What are the symptoms of this disease and can it be cured? Read about this in the material.
Purpose
So why do you need an aircraft with such characteristics?
If over time the Russian Aerospace Forces acquire high-precision missiles of small size with a nuclear charge, then such an aircraft will be perfect for delivering strikes against any enemy, including targeted and powerful strikes. Also, due to its high speed, it can be used as an aircraft as part of air defense forces, which can shoot down almost any target. possible appearance of a promising fighter of the future
In addition to the standard set of tasks, there are several other points worthy of attention. If you look at the orbit of any satellite, most of them will sooner or later fly over northern latitudes, or over Russia, or over the Arctic. This may sound a little strange, but such a super-heavy fighter can become a satellite hunter, the main thing is to arm it with the appropriate missiles
Moreover, a satellite hunter in the Arctic has one very important advantage - there is no air defense of a potential enemy, no one can stop him from completing the task, and even if he tries, a speed of Mach 4 will not leave anyone a chance to even get within attack range
Well, the third point, which would seem to have nothing to do with it, is Elon Musk’s development of reusable rockets, which should revolutionize astronautics, raising it to a new level.
Everything is new, it's well forgotten old
I think someone has already guessed what will be discussed next, because even despite the fact that the ATN-51 aircraft is just a fiction, various kinds of information have been leaking for a long time, and rumors do not arise out of the blue and most likely they took them as a basis an old project that was simply impossible to implement with the technologies of the 70s and 80s of the last century. Only one project comes to mind, or rather just one part.
The picture shows the MiG-105 orbital fighter, it was he who was designed as a satellite hunter, but it’s not what we’re interested in. The MiG-105 did not take off into space directly from the ground. It was a whole complex, which consisted of three full-fledged units. It was lifted to a height of up to 30 km by the GSR - Hypersonic Accelerator Aircraft. According to its characteristics, it is the one that most closely matches the ATN-51.
- Length – 38 m
- Wingspan – 16.5 m
- Empty weight – 36 tons
- Fuel tanks – 16t
- Fuel – liquefied hydrogen
- Fuel tank volume - 260 cubic meters
- Maximum Speed – 6M
- Maximum flight range at cruising speed 5M – 12,000 km
- Crew - 2 people
- Engines – TRD AL-51
- Engine thrust - 4x17500 kgf
The GSR was the first aircraft to be tested at TsAGI at speeds of 4-6M, and it passed all tests very successfully. Subsequently, many models were tested at its base, including smaller reconnaissance aircraft, but running on kerosene fuel with a maximum speed of 4-4.5 Mach.
About purpose
As scientists predict, in the very near future, humanity will experience global warming, which will ultimately lead to the melting of ice. Thus, the Arctic, with its oil and gas, will become the region where the interests of several states will converge: Russia, the United States of America, Canada, Norway and Denmark. The above countries are washed by the Arctic Ocean. Scientists are already intensively exploring this region. Military experts do not exclude the possibility of attempts to resolve the Arctic issue by force.
According to some media outlets, Russia controls the water area and has its own plans regarding Arctic gas and oil deposits. It is to resolve a possible conflict that Russian designers are developing the ATN-51 bomber.
Combat purpose
In the spring of 2020, Russian President V. Putin announced modern missile projects to the Federal Assembly.
If small missiles with nuclear warheads appear among them, they can become weapons of the ATN-51 for delivering powerful targeted strikes on enemy locations. In addition, the high speed of the Black Plague may be necessary for air defense troops, since the aircraft is capable of shooting down any high-speed targets. Don’t forget about satellites, which are becoming more and more numerous, and their functionality is expanding. Perhaps the USSR’s fears were not in vain, and the Black Plague will patrol orbit over the Arctic. Satellites are not flying there yet, but the concept of orbital belts may change.
Worth adding. Russian designers are developing the Glider Yu-71 hypersonic aircraft, which should become the carrier of the Sarmat missile.
Technological development is gaining momentum around the world. I would like to believe that the development of the ATN-51 fighter-bomber really exists and the Black Plague project is not a bluff. Moreover, as the USSR showed by its example 40 years ago, revolutionary discoveries in the aircraft industry are quite possible.
Civilized earthlings are watching as Elon Musk makes breakthrough after breakthrough in the space industry. Orbital flights will become a reality. Let's hope that Russian engineers will continue to keep up with the times and the creation of projects such as the ATN-51 Black Plague aircraft will provide worthy competition to the West.
Venetian plague doctor mask
Who hasn't heard of the Venice Carnival? At this festival you won’t see any kind of masks and costumes, people are so transformed that it’s really impossible to recognize, but there is one mask that stands out from all. This is a plague doctor mask. So where did this fashion come from and what is the story behind it?
Why exactly this form was loved by Venetians and tourists is not known for certain; there are only a few theories on this matter. First: masks of the Venetian commedia dell'arte, this is a unique type of theatrical art of the Renaissance, these include Harlequin and others.
And second: the Bauta mask - it was useful for noble people who wanted to hide their face and origin, and for poor people who wanted the same thing, but for other reasons.
It is not known for certain why the “plague” mask became so popular at the carnival, but it is still used today.
Plague Island in Venice
Hearing the word Venice, almost all people think of gondolas, narrow streets and beautiful places, but every city keeps its secrets and this one is no exception. There is an island on the territory called Poveglia, which is guarded by local police and is currently completely abandoned.
Its history begins in the 5th century, where peasants took refuge from enemy attacks and over time began to equip it. Some of these fortifications can still be seen today, although they are in poor condition.
The situation changed radically when the Black Death came to the lands of Italy. People died in the thousands, and there was nowhere to put the corpses, and then the local authorities decided to transport the bodies of the dead to Poveglia. Not only people who had already died were taken there, but also those who showed any signs of infection. According to some reports, more than 160 thousand people found their final refuge there, but these figures are unlikely to correspond to reality.
But this was not the end of the bloody island; after the epidemic subsided in the 20th century, a psychiatric hospital was built on the bones of the victims, which was not distinguished by loyalty to patients. There are many more rumors, theories, guesses and true facts about him, which I wrote down in a separate article about Poveglia.
Why did all this happen?
There has long been an explanation for the origin of the Black Death, simple and convincing. It turns out that in 1348, the Tatar Khan Dzhanybek, who besieged the Genoese fortress of Cafu (modern Feodosia), used catapults to throw there the corpses of people who died from the plague. When the plague began among the Genoese, they left the city on ships and spread the pneumonic plague throughout Europe. “Relatives, friends and neighbors rushed to us, but we brought with us deadly arrows, with every word we spread deadly poison with our breath,” wrote an eyewitness to these events, notary de Mussy. His version, expressed in those years when it was believed that diseases were transmitted by rotten air (miasma), is successfully combined with modern ideas about the contagiousness (infectiousness) of patients with pneumonic plague. However, everything turned out to be much more complicated.
First of all, the clinic of the plague itself does not agree with de Mussy’s version. From his description it follows that the disease in the Cafe occurred in the bubonic form, i.e. people became infected with the plague as a result of the bite of fleas infected with its causative agent (Y. pestis), and they, in turn, became infected from rats infected with the plague. The pulmonary form of the disease appeared only as a complication of the bubonic one. In many Italian cities there was no pneumonic plague at all, but tens of thousands of people died from the bubonic plague. And here new mysteries begin. It has been known since the beginning of the twentieth century that the bubonic plague does not “emerge” from its natural foci. Then it turns out that in the middle of the 14th century, vast and populated areas of Europe were natural centers of plague? This question has already been asked by individual scientists. But they were unable to find an answer to it within the framework of the prevailing doctrine to this day about the natural focality of the plague. Its foundation was the position of the primacy of animals (various types of rodents) as the reservoir of the plague pathogen. But wild rodents known as such, whose ranges would also extend so far to the north, could not be identified. This teaching does not answer any of the following questions. Why did the Black Death pandemic strike Europe in the same sequence and over the same territories, and for the same time, as the first pandemic, the Plague of Justinian (531-589)? How do its outbreaks flare up simultaneously over very extensive areas of Europe, for example, the plague epidemic in Moscow and London in the middle of the 17th century? Why, if we shade on the map all the territories where the plague raged in the XIV-XVIII centuries, they occupy mainly plains, river valleys and sea coasts?
And, finally, there is one more pattern that has nothing to do with the doctrine of the natural focality of the plague, but which cannot be erased from the history of epidemics. Both plague pandemics begin against the backdrop of leprosy, which has been rampant for several centuries, and an ever-increasing number of cases of smallpox. One cannot help but get the impression that the plague seems to be completing some centuries-old pandemic cycle, in which low-contagious pathogens of slow infections and the highly contagious variola virus successively participate.
How was plague treated in the Middle Ages?
With its high mortality rate, the bubonic plague was not always a death sentence for humans: some people recovered spontaneously. However, this happened quite rarely. Bubonic plague was often complicated by plague pneumonia and developed into a pneumonic form, after which the infection could spread by airborne droplets. In the worst-case scenario, bubonic plague becomes septicemic, resulting in plague bacteremia. In this case, you can become infected either through direct contact with the patient’s body or through fleas.
The appearance of the plague doctor's mask
It is generally accepted that special doctors for the treatment of plague were created by Pope Clement 6. He convened them to help cure the inhabitants of what was then Avignon, a community in the south of France. Following the example of the Lord’s mentor on earth, this idea was adopted by the heads of states suffering from the plague. This trend quickly spread throughout the world and “plague doctors” became something common at that time.
Rich people hired these healers for huge sums of money, believing that they would help their loved ones and themselves avoid a terrible disease. They were even allowed to autopsy the bodies of those who died from this disease. To study it in more detail. This was considered savagery at that time; for dissecting a corpse, they could even be sentenced to death, accusing a person of Satanism or witchcraft.
To further emphasize the value of such doctors, I would like to tell you a story about a kidnapping. Once, in 1650, in Spain, bandits kidnapped doctors along the way and demanded a huge ransom for them. Barcelona had to satisfy the demands of the thieves, since millions of lives were at stake. That's how valuable these people were!
Flu
Compared to cholera, plague and smallpox, the flu seems completely harmless, but this is only at first glance. It is often called a severe cold, although such a disease does not exist in nature. Influenza belongs to ARVI - acute respiratory viral infections and, according to estimates, annually claims 250-500 thousand lives, and the number of cases reaches 3-5 million. Therefore, influenza is by no means a prolonged seasonal illness: in history there have been several severe pandemics in which tens of millions have died.
American soldiers who contracted the Spanish flu in a hospital in Kansas. 1918
The largest, most famous and deadliest epidemic broke out in 1918, when the Spanish flu, or “Spanish flu” as it was called, swept the entire world. In 18 months, 550 million people were infected - a third of the entire planet, and, according to various estimates, from 50 to 100 million died, making this pandemic one of the most destructive disasters in the history of civilization. What was terrifying was not only the scale of the pandemic, but also how quickly the disease progressed: often those infected died the very next day. Characteristic symptoms were a bluish complexion and coughing up blood.
Later there were Asian, Hong Kong, bird and swine flus, which together killed more than one hundred thousand people. This incredible variability and ability to mutate is the danger of influenza. Unlike smallpox, against which a vaccine has been developed that is effective in almost all cases, influenza has an infinite number of strains, and each specific one requires its own vaccine - there is simply no panacea.
Today, more than 2,000 variants of influenza are known, and this is far from the limit: the flu cannot be defeated with one blow, it is impossible to predict which strain will come to a particular region this year. Therefore, all that remains is to constantly monitor the bacteriological situation, try to make cautious forecasts and work on a more or less universal vaccine.
Plague vaccination: who gets it?
To prevent bubonic plague, the Live plague vaccine is used today. This is a live culture of the vaccine strain of the plague microbe Yersinia pestis EV, dried by lyophilization (a method in which the drug is first frozen and then placed in a vacuum chamber where sublimation of the solvent occurs). Thanks to this vaccine, a person develops immunity to the plague for up to one year.
Vaccination against plague is indicated for children over two years of age and adults living in areas characterized by outbreaks of this disease. Vaccinations must also be given to those who work with live cultures of the pathogen.
Vaccination is carried out once, various methods are possible - subcutaneous, cutaneous, intradermal, inhalation or oral. If the epidemic situation in the region is favorable, the next vaccination should be carried out no earlier than in a year, if there is a risk of infection - in six months. Vaccination can cause various ailments in a person, such as headache, fever up to 38.5°C, nausea, and vomiting. The side effect can last from 1 to 3 days.
The World Health Organization (WHO) does not recommend vaccinating the population against plague, with the exception of high-risk groups (for example, laboratory workers who are constantly exposed to the risk of infection, and healthcare workers).
Why do we need a new fighter-bomber?
After the successful completion of the military confrontation in Syria, the entire Western world froze in anticipation of what other surprise Russia would present, what new types of weapons besides “armata” and “calibers” might appear in the near future on the world stage. Scientists' forecasts about global warming make possible a military conflict in the Arctic due to the huge reserves of gas and oil located there.
Together with Russia, countries located on the shores of the Arctic Ocean, namely the USA, Canada, Denmark and Norway, are already beginning to develop these reserves. Our country has the largest territory of the Arctic coast and there is no doubt that the attractiveness of this region will give rise to many conflicts due to the rich oil and gas fields located there.
The entire water area of the Arctic shelf is under the control of the Russian Northern Fleet and the purpose of the ATN-51 is precisely to ensure the global superiority of our aerospace forces in the air in this theater of military operations.
Plague
The plague is perhaps one of the most terrible diseases to ever hit the earth. Massive natural pandemics, horror that engulfs and paralyzes dozens of countries, bodies mutilated by the disease, dumped in mass graves, creepy plague doctors and the absence of any hope - all this has turned the plague into a common noun, which means something inevitable, terrifying and incredibly dangerous. Humanity has experienced at least six major outbreaks of this disease, three of which are classified as pandemics, which translated from ancient Greek means “the whole people.”
The first known wave was called the “Justinian plague” because it occurred during the reign of the Byzantine emperor Justinian I. It began in Egypt and later spread throughout the civilized world: the epidemic lasted about a century and a half, appearing sporadically in different regions, but its peak occurred in the middle 6th century AD e. At that time, approximately 5,000 people died daily in Constantinople, and sometimes the number of victims reached 10,000 per day - by the end of the most acute period of the outbreak, the population of the capital of the Byzantine Empire had decreased by 40%. In total, according to the most rough estimates, the Justinian Plague claimed about 125 million lives: 100 million in the East and another 25 million in Europe. Instead of people, chaos and devastation settled in the cities, crafts were abandoned, and the economy fell into decay. According to eyewitness accounts, people were divided into two categories: those who were already dead, and those who carried dead bodies outside the city. There are simply no other activities left.
The second plague pandemic broke out in the mid-16th century. It swept across Asia, Europe, North Africa and even reached the shores of Greenland. Its source is called the Gobi Desert, and the pestilence was brought to Europe from Eastern China by Mongol troops during the devastating raids of the future Golden Horde on its neighbors. The chronology of the second wave is traditionally defined as 1346–1353, but individual outbreaks were recorded until the end of the century. In modern sources, this wave is known as the “Black Death,” although no one called it that during the epidemic. Hypothetically, this term dates back to a 17th century researcher who made a mistake in translation and interpreted the word “black”, alta,
solely as a color, although it originally described the number of deaths. An analogy in Russian can be the concepts “cloud” or “darkness,” which correspond to the total number of deaths during the two decades of the plague: the disease wiped out 60 million people.
Reenactor dressed as a medieval plague doctor
It was during the second epidemic that plague doctors appeared, who cannot be confused with any other representatives of professions: a characteristic mask with a bird’s beak and glasses for the eyes, a long coat of waxed leather, high boots and, of course, a cane, so as not to touch patients. At the same time, the word “quarantine” arose: in Venice, all people, ships and goods arriving in the city were sent to a special island to eliminate the possibility of infection. They stayed there for exactly 40 days, like Christ in the desert, and 40 in Italian would be quaranta
.
For the third time, humanity encountered a plague pandemic already at the end of the 19th century, although some researchers attribute it to the final, fifth, relatively weak peak of the second pandemic. The epidemic broke out in 1855 in the Chinese province of Yunnan, from where it spread across all inhabited continents: from Australia to Cuba, from the Russian Empire to South America - there were no barriers or borders for the plague. In India and China alone, more than 12 million people died from it, but it is difficult to estimate the total number of victims, since there is no clear time frame for the pandemic: it is assumed that it ended in 1911, when the last major outbreak of the disease in history ended - the plague in Manchuria (1910). -1911). However, it was the third wave of the plague that helped scientists finally establish the etiology of the disease: in 1894, Alexandre Yersin and Kitasato Shibasaburo discovered the causative agent of the infection - the plague bacillus Yersinia pestis
which is carried by fleas. After the scientific breakthrough, the development of a vaccine was just around the corner. The pioneer was the immunologist Vladimir Khavkin, who at the beginning of the 20th century created a vaccine from killed plague bacilli.
The most effective, live vaccine was proposed in 1934 by the Soviet bacteriologist Magdalina Petrovna Pokrovskaya. Thus, thousands of years of fear and despair were put to an end, although today, according to WHO statistics, 2.5 thousand people in the world are infected with the plague every year. More recently, in the fall of 2020, a new outbreak was recorded in Madagascar, which claimed 165 lives.
Why is the plague "bubonic"?
There are two main types of plague – pneumonic and bubonic. Until the end of the 19th century, the disease was considered incurable and almost always meant death. The mortality rate for bubonic plague reached 95%, and for pneumonic plague - almost 100%.
As a rule, the “Black Death” refers to the bubonic plague - this form was most common during the Middle Ages. Its carriers are most often fleas, which parasitize rats and other rodents and can spread to humans. The main symptoms of bubonic plague are swollen and painful lymph nodes, or “buboes,” from which it gets its name. They form on the human body after a flea bite or, in some cases, an infected rat or other animal.
Most often, buboes appear in the groin area, on the neck or armpits. In addition, the disease is characterized by high temperature, fever and pronounced intoxication. The incubation period for bubonic plague is 2–6, less often from 1 to 12 days.
We can find traces of the bubonic plague in ancient medical sources (for example, several cases of bubonic plague in Libya, Syria and Egypt are found in descriptions of the 1st century AD and earlier), and even in the Bible. Thus, the first book of Kings describes the war between the Israelites and the Philistines, where the latter, having won another victory, captured the ark of the covenant of the Lord with the sacred relics of the Jews. However, no matter what city they brought the ark to, it was immediately struck by a terrible disease:
“And the hand of the Lord was heavy upon the Azothites, and He smote them and punished them with painful growths, in Ashdod and in the environs thereof. 1 Sam. 5:6."
Characteristics
Let's try to go over the available characteristics
- Speed – hypersonic, up to Mach 4.5 (about 4000 km/h at an altitude of 15 km)
- Fuel capacity – 38,000
- Maximum ceiling – 42 km
- Information about a flight range of 15,000 km was also often reported, but most likely the combat radius at maximum speed is significantly lower, because the maximum range is achieved at cruising speed, which is unlikely to be significantly more than 1000 km/h in non-afterburning mode.
- Armament - 14 missiles of different classes in the combat compartment.
- Judging by the large fuel reserve, this will not be just a heavy fighter, but a super-heavy fighter or bomber. The empty weight should be at least 20 tons, plus the weapon weight should be about 5-8 tons. Those. the total take-off weight will be no less than 64 tons, and most likely more
Cholera
Cholera, like the plague, has acquired an additional meaning in colloquial speech: most often it acts as a curse, a curse, or a characteristic of an unpleasant person. Cholera has been working on such a reputation for more than one millennium: the first mentions of this disease are found in Hippocrates, and the roots of the word are ancient Greek (it is translated as “bile” and “flow”). However, despite the fact that cholera was also known to ancient civilizations, until the 19th century it practically did not go beyond the Indian subcontinent: the infection originated and raged mainly in the Ganges delta, where all the conditions were there for the development of the epidemic - heat, humidity, dirt and sewage , large gatherings of people and holding ceremonies on the river bank.
Cholera was brought to Europe, and from there to the rest of the world, by British subjects during the active colonization of India, as well as by merchants who traded with the local population. In 1817, the first cholera pandemic began: there were seven of them, and they came one after another, so it is often difficult to draw a dividing line. The first wave (1817–1824) hit all of Asia without exception and reached Astrakhan, and Europe was saved from invasion by an unprecedented frost (the rivers, frozen in ice, became unsuitable for navigation). The second pandemic (1829–1851) reached not only Europe, but also the USA and Japan, and in Russia it caused the cholera riots (1830–1831) - a series of unrest and attacks on police stations and officials, whom illiterate people suspected of intentionally persecution of the people.
The third pandemic (1852–1860) became the deadliest epidemic in the 19th century - it killed more than 2.5 million people, largely due to the fact that it coincided with the Crimean War (endless troop movements, famine, devastation, weakened immunity and unsanitary conditions). During this heyday of the disease, two memorable events occurred at once: an outbreak of cholera on Broad Street (London) in 1854, in which 500 people died in one day, and the investigation of Dr. John Snow, who accurately identified the source of infection - contaminated water from the tap. Its discovery gave impetus to the development of the entire epidemiology, sanitation and hygiene, as well as the water supply system.
Drawing from a French magazine depicting the cholera outbreak in China in 1907
Three more cholera pandemics swept across the world from 1863 to 1923, after which the disease went on vacation and returned for the seventh time only in 1961. The last outbreak lasted until 1975, and since then no official pandemics have been registered in the world, but isolated cases are still recorded, especially in poor countries, and as of 2010, the annual mortality rate from this infection was 100–130 thousand people. In total, more than 60 million people have died from cholera throughout history. Its danger lies in the fact that at first it is symptomatically similar to poisoning or dysentery: constant thirst, vomiting, muscle weakness, chills, cramps, diarrhea, shortness of breath. If cholera is not recognized in time, it will go into a severe stage and literally dry out a person to death.
Are we facing a new plague epidemic?
Advisor to the Director of the Central Research Institute of Epidemiology of Rospotrebnadzor, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences Viktor Maleev
in connection with the latest news about people infected with the plague in China and Mongolia, he said: there is no danger of the spread of bubonic plague in Russia.
“The plague is not a coronavirus, since there is a vaccine, you can get vaccinated, especially employees of the anti-plague service, they vaccinate themselves, the population of some certain areas are vaccinated. And then, there is a cure for the plague. Isolated cases will not cause any spread; local doctors know how to work with the plague. This is not a new infection,” the specialist said in an interview with RIA Novosti.
Maleev added that in Russia today there are anti-plague institutes and stations, whose employees are catching gophers, marmots, mice and examining them for the presence of the pathogen. He also noted that since the plague is a natural focal infection, those infected in China and Mongolia probably ate marmots.
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About the characteristics
The ATN-51 “Black Plague” is planned to be armed with ten heavy supersonic missiles for various purposes, the location of which will be a drum unit. In addition, the aircraft will be equipped with four hypersonic high-precision air-to-air missiles. They plan to use the side compartments as a place for their location.
The newest Russian fighter ATN-51 “Black Plague” will use a bypass engine equipped with controlled thrust vectoring, thanks to which, according to aviation experts, the bomber will be able to reach significant speed. Presumably, its indicator will be Mach 4.5. The aircraft, moving at a speed of Mach 1, is capable of covering 300 m or 1100 km/h in a second. If the indicator is above Mach 1, the aircraft is considered to have supersonic speed. It is precisely this speed, according to the plans of Russian aircraft designers, that the ATN-51 “Black Plague” will be capable of developing.
The newest Russian fighter is being adapted to transport a huge supply of fuel. Presumably, the volume of fuel will be 32 tons. With such a reserve, according to experts, a Russian plane will be able to take off from an airfield in Siberia, arrive in the United States two hours later and, having completed the task there, return back to base without refueling. Presumably, the practical ceiling of the combat vehicle will vary between 32-42 km.
Plague Treatment Methods
Unfortunately, in the Middle Ages, the Black Death was almost untreatable, especially considering the methods that were used. Doctors could bleed, cauterize ulcers, or simply place frogs on a person, but even if the patient was cured. This is only due to the strongest immunity or just a happy accident.
In the modern world, the real discoverers were Soviet doctors who used streptomycin. With its use, all patients recovered, and this only happened in 1947.
Another doctor, Valery Khavkin, created a vaccine against the Black Death at the beginning of the 20th century. He obtained it from plague sticks killed by fever, and Pokrovskaya Magdalene tested it on herself in 1934.
After this, there were practically no plague patients left, at least there were no pandemics and the disease is now known how to treat.
Bubonic plague: history, treatment, new threat
However, in the Middle Ages they still knew nothing about this. The main method of combating the spread of infection then was fire. It was believed that at any stage of the plague one could become infected simply by touching the belongings of a sick (or already deceased) person, so they tried to burn all his property as quickly as possible. This, of course, did not solve the problem. There is no need to talk about finding the source of the disease: The Middle Ages were a time of superstition, witch hunts and belief in black magic, so the inhabitants of Europe at that time would have been more willing to believe in the curse of Satan or the wrath of God sent down on them from heaven than in infection-carrying fleas and rats.
Treatment methods were also very exotic. Doctors of that time did not know many ways to fight the plague (more precisely, they thought that these actions could somehow help the patient). They opened the buboes, let out blood, which caused damage not only to the infected person, but also to themselves (after all, the risk of infection increased significantly), and also used plasters from the entrails of birds and opium compresses.
True, it is still worth paying tribute to the doctors of that dark time: even then doctors wore anti-plague suits. This famous image of the plague doctor is well known to anyone who has ever chosen a Halloween costume. The anti-plague suit was a complete set of protection worn by doctors whose duty was to treat those suffering from the plague. It included a coat, trousers, gloves, boots, hat and, of course, the famous beak-shaped mask made of waxed leather. It was believed that she gave the doctor a resemblance to an ancient Egyptian deity and warded off illness. But in fact, this “beak” had an important practical purpose: it protected the doctor from the terrible plague stench that filled the cities of Europe at that time. The tip of the mask was filled with strong-smelling herbs, and since the doctor constantly chewed garlic for prevention, his “nose” had a dual function - those around him were also protected from the doctor’s foul breath. And so that the doctor would not suffocate from all this abundance of aromas, there were two ventilation holes in the “beak”. The doctor's eyes were also protected thanks to glass inserts. Thus, we can say that the plague doctor’s mask was a pretty good prototype of a gas mask.
Design
According to analysts, this fighter will be very different from everything that was created before it, and the changes will concern both the appearance and internal components. In addition, it is believed that this fighter will operate on completely different principles than all other aircraft, and this is due to the fact that the priority territory for its use will be the Arctic.
The machine uses a liquid hydrogen engine as its power plant. Since this type of fuel has a very low density (0.0898 kg/m³), it was possible to significantly increase the cruising speed.
The fuselage design required the installation of a large number of fuel tanks, which, if necessary, were changed for armament.
To date, according to Western analysts, a prototype has been created and global testing has been carried out under bench test conditions. The test was carried out at speeds of 4-5 MAX and was successful, which was a real breakthrough.
