KS-23 "Drozd"

KS-23M
Type:	Carbine
A country:	USSR USSR Russia Russia
Service history
Years of operation:	mid 1980s - present
Production history
Constructor:	Research Institute of Special Equipment of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR
Options:	see options
Characteristics
Weight, kg:	3,85
Length, mm:	1040
Barrel length, mm:	510
Cartridge:	23×75 mm R
Caliber, mm:	23
Work principles:	sliding forend
Sighting range, m:	up to 100
Maximum range, m:	150
Type of ammunition:	tubular under-barrel magazine for 3 rounds, it is also possible to place 1 more round in the chamber.
Aim:	open.

K: Wikipedia: Articles without images (type: not specified) KS-23
(
K
Arabin
S
special
23
mm) is a multifunctional police weapon designed to suppress riots, selective force, mental and chemical influence on offenders. Interestingly, having a caliber of more than 20 mm and a rifled barrel, the KS-23 should not be classified as small arms, but as small-caliber artillery.

Ammo

The following 23 mm cartridges[2] were developed for shooting from a carbine:

“Volna”
is a cartridge with an inert container (intended for training shooting).
"Volna-R"
is a cartridge with a round rubber bullet "Hello" with a traumatic effect. Application range up to 70 meters.
"Strela-3"
- a cartridge with a plastic bullet of traumatic effect
"Lilac-7"
is a cartridge with a container containing an irritant. 1 second after the container hits the barrier, a cloud of 50 m³ with an intolerable concentration is formed. Application range up to 100 meters.
"Cheryomukha-7"
is a cartridge with a container containing an irritant. 1 second after the container hits the barrier, a cloud of 30 m³ with an intolerable concentration is formed. Application range up to 150 meters. Currently out of print.
"Cheryomukha-7M"
is a cartridge with a container containing an irritating substance. 1 second after the container hits the barrier, a cloud of 50 m³ with an intolerable concentration is formed. Application range up to 150 meters.
“Barricade”
is a cartridge with a pointed steel bullet. It is used to force a vehicle to stop by damaging it. Application range up to 100 meters.
"Shrapnel-10"
is a cartridge with a buckshot charge. Application range up to 10 meters.
"Shrapnel-25"
is a cartridge with a buckshot charge. Application range up to 25 meters.
“Zvezda”
is a light and sound cartridge. Designed to have a psychological effect on the criminal.
blank cartridge PV-23
(used for shooting gas grenades)

The muzzle of the KS-23 carbine has the ability to install several options for barrel attachments:

“Nozzle-6”
(caliber 36 mm) - for shooting “Cheryomukha-6” gas grenades at a distance of up to 200 meters (irritant mass - 70 grams; gas cloud volume - 60 m³);
“Nozzle-12”
(caliber 82 mm) - for shooting “Cheryomukha-12” gas grenades at a distance of up to 120 meters (gas cloud volume - 100 m³);
OTs-06 “Cat”
- for shooting rope with a grappling hook at a distance of 35 meters and a height of 20 meters (7-story building).

The design of the nozzles is identical; they differ only in size and caliber. The barrel of the carbine has a screw thread for attaching them. On the body of each of them there is a sight sight. The entirety of the sight is the open sight rear sight on the KS-23 itself.

KS-23M "Drozd"

KS-23M "Drozd" is one of the best representatives of the KS family of special carbines, designed for a wide range of police tasks.

The famous Russian scientist - biologist, hunter, fisherman and popularizer of hunting and fishing, Leonid Pavlovich Sabaneev, prepared and published in 1892 his outstanding work “Hunting Calendar”. In this monograph, he paid a lot of attention to the life of birds and animals that are objects of hunting. The author devoted a significant place in his monograph to birds such as thrushes - fieldfares, blackbirds, warblers and, finally, white-browed thrushes. These birds arrive in the black earth regions of Russia in mid-April and leave in September. They are hunted mainly in September.

Russian gunsmiths, respecting this bird as a hunting prey, assigned its name to several types of weapons. “Drozd” is a complex of active protection of armored vehicles, an MP-661 K gas pistol, and a special KS-23M carbine.

The latter will be discussed. KS-23M is a representative of the family of special KS-23 carbines, created according to the tactical and technical requirements of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs to equip special units of law enforcement forces.

KS-23 carbines are non-automatic weapons designed for single-fire and reloadable with a movable fore-end. The sample was developed by TsNIITOCHMASH gunsmiths under the leadership of the organization’s director V.M. Sabelnikov and department head A.S. Volkova. The team of authors (G.P. Shershnev, V.I. Babin, V.I. Plotnikov, G.T. Morozova, E.M. Chernov, O.N. Arefina, V.A. Kapustin) created a complex of non-lethal weapons as part of a carbine, muzzle attachments for throwing gas grenades and ammunition of various destructive effects. Subsequently, the design documentation for the carbine was transferred to the Tula Arms Plant for technological development and organization of mass production.

The creation of the KS-23 carbine was preceded by a study of domestic and foreign experience in the development and production of weapons of this class. First, the project of a 12-gauge repeating shotgun was considered. However, an analysis of the design of existing samples showed that in order to meet the requirements of the Ministry of Internal Affairs for such weapons, it is necessary to equip them with a rifled barrel of a larger caliber. The experts chose a 23 mm rifled barrel, borrowing it, after appropriate modification, from a 23 mm aircraft gun. The new weapon includes the following main components: barrel, receiver, magazine, bolt, fore-end with trigger rod and feed mechanism, stock, reflector, cap, screw securing the stock to the receiver and lock.

The weapon has a detachable rifled barrel of 23 mm caliber, the barrel bore has 10 grooves (the length of the rifled part is 410 mm). The breech of the barrel contains a chamber, grooves for the ejector and reflector, and four lugs. On the outer side of the barrel there is a collar for resting on the receiver body, and in the middle part a clip is secured with a pin in which the latch is installed. The base of the front sight and the front sight are mounted in the muzzle. The muzzle has a thread for installing mortar type attachments.

Read: Smith & Wesson pistols (USA)

The receiver is stamped steel. In the front part of the box there is a window for the barrel, on the right side there is a window for removing the cartridge case, and at the bottom there is a window for the trigger and feed mechanism.

The magazine is tubular, thin-walled and located under the barrel. The magazine spring is screw-type and works in compression. The bolt chambers the cartridge, locks the bore when firing, removes the spent cartridge case from the chamber, cocks the hammer, and activates the feed mechanism. Locking is carried out by turning the bolt, the lugs of which extend beyond the lugs of the barrel.

The hammer-type impact mechanism, the trigger mechanism has a disconnector and provides only single fire. The reloading mechanism has a movable forend and allows only manual reloading, the ejection mechanism is equipped with a swinging ejector, and the reflective mechanism ensures that the cartridge case is reflected to the right side.

Sights are permanent open type and include a rear sight (on the receiver) and a front sight (on the muzzle of the barrel). The weapon is equipped with safety locks - against an accidental shot (a button in the front of the trigger guard), against a premature shot and against unlocking the barrel (located at the bottom left of the rear part of the receiver).

The handguard with a rod serves to hold the carbine by the shooter while aiming and shooting. Forend rod - to direct the movement of moving parts along the magazine and inside the receiver. Forend material: wood or plastic.

The stock consists of the stock itself, a rubber butt pad, a swivel and a screw. It is inserted into a socket at the rear end of the receiver and secured there with a screw. Stock material: wood or plastic.

The special KS-23 carbine with a set of non-lethal ammunition was adopted by units of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs in 1983, and the first production samples arrived at the Ministry of Internal Affairs even earlier - in 1981.

The trial operation of the KS-23 in the special forces of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR and the Russian Federation gave rise to a number of comments and proposals for further improving the design of this weapon and increasing its effectiveness. After carefully studying these proposals, the gunsmiths continued to further improve the design.

At the end of the 80s. In the 20th century, the KS-23-2 model was created with a magazine of increased capacity (for four rounds). During operation in units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the KS-23 confirmed the characteristics laid down in the technical specifications, but, according to military personnel, it had a relatively large mass (the weight of the KS-23 without cartridges was 3.85 kg) and a length of 1040 mm), which caused certain difficulties in its operation. use in a combat situation. In 1990, a special carbine KS-23M “Drozd” was created.

Read: 82-mm mortar 2B14-1 “Tray”

The KS-23 “Drozd” is equipped with a pistol-type stock and grip, a detachable metal shoulder rest, and a shorter barrel, which accordingly reduces the overall length of the weapon. The mass of the sample is 3.7 kg, the length of the weapon in combat 875 and marching versions is 650 mm, and the barrel length is 410 mm. The swivel is installed on the left side of the receiver. The KS-23M carbine is widely used for conducting special operations in buildings. It is also suitable for concealed carrying in cases and bags.

A version of the basic KS-23 model has also been developed according to the “bullpup” design with a seven-round magazine.

In 1996-1997 specialists of TOZ JSC, based on the KS-23, developed a 4-caliber hunting smoothbore shotgun TOZ-123 “Selezen”. The main purpose of this weapon is to hunt large flocks of migratory birds from ambushes or from boats. In foreign literature, for example, in the book by Charlie Cutshaw “Russian Small Arms. New models", publishing house "Eksmo-Press", 2002, p. 168-169 it is stated that there is also a commercial sports version of the KS-23 with a pistol grip and a modification of the KS-23 with a detachable magazine.

Here's another interesting fact - the first prototypes of the KS-23 were equipped with optical sights and equipped with tripod machines. These decisions were later abandoned.

In 1993, in the branch of the State Unitary Enterprise KBP - TsKIB SOO, using the KS-23 and KS-23M A.D. models as carrier weapons. Sleptsov developed, by order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, the OTs-06 “Cat” gun-mounted line-throwing device. OTs-06 is intended to equip units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Ministry of Emergency Situations and is used to overcome obstacles in the form of walls, mountain rubble and fences up to 20 m high. The line-throwing device has a movable “cat” type hook with a piston; the hook consists of three folding links and is connected to a line; The device is mounted in a fixed, quick-release guide. The guide is installed in the muzzle of the carbine using the nozzle bracket. A knockout cartridge is a standard blank cartridge. The mass of this device with a line is 2.0 kg, the length of the line is 50 m, the casting distance and height are 35 m and 20 m, respectively, and the maximum load on one link of the hook is 200 kg.

The complex of special KS carbines includes, along with weapons, a set of ammunition (cartridges) for various purposes. They have the appearance of hunting cartridges - a folder sleeve with a metal bottom, a central Zhevelo-M capsule, sleeve length - 75 mm, diameter of the folder part and metal bottom, respectively, 26.6 and 29.7 mm.

Read: Project 10410 “Firefly” ships

For shooting from carbines, cartridges in various equipment are used: a cartridge for training shooting (“Volna”), a traumatic cartridge with a spherical rubber bullet (“Volna-R”), a traumatic cartridge with plas), a cartridge with an irritant (“Lilac-7 "), a cartridge with a container with CS irritant ("Cheryomukha-7"), a cartridge with CN irritant in a container ("Cheryomukha - 7M"), a cartridge with a pointed steel bullet ("Barricade"), a cartridge with buckshot ("Shrapnel-U " and "Shrapnel - 25), a light and sound cartridge (Zvezda) and a blank cartridge (PV-23).

Experimental special cartridges are also being created, for example, with a cylindrical bullet for shooting at tires or with a high-explosive fragmentation grenade for damaging electrical wiring and gas lines under the hood of a car, as well as a cartridge with lead buckshot for self-defense purposes. To fire over-caliber ammunition, KS carbines are equipped with special attachments - mortars. There are mortars of 36 mm caliber for gas grenades "Cheryomukha-6" "Nozzle-6", 82 mm caliber for gas grenades "Cheryomukha-12" "Nasadka-12" and nozzle OTs-06 - a line-throwing device.

When developing tactical and technical requirements for new special weapons (in this case, weapons of the KS-23 type), the Ministry of Internal Affairs paid special attention to the issues of accuracy and firing range. In particular, the sample must ensure that special ammunition hits the window of a building at maximum range. Tests of the weapon confirmed high shooting accuracy: at a range of 100 m, hits were grouped in a circle with a diameter of 1000 mm. The maximum firing range was 400 m.

When firing gas grenades of the "Cheryomukha-7" type with an initial speed of 270 m (the target range is 150 m), this ammunition at a distance of 40-50 m pierces a wooden board 30 mm thick or a steel sheet 1 mm thick, and from a distance of 150 mm - two window panes.

Carbines KS-23, KS-23M, KS-23-2, KS-23K with ammunition have found wide use and were adopted by special forces of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. Currently, they are also widely used in the republics of Kazakhstan, Armenia, Uzbekistan, and Ukraine. This weapon underwent a “baptism of fire” after the collapse of the USSR, having “visited” all the hot spots on the territory of the former Union.

Options

KS-23M "Drozd"
is a modernized version of the KS-23 with a detachable metal stock[3].
KS-23K
is a modernized version of the KS-23 in a bullpup configuration with a detachable box magazine, developed in 1998 for arming the Ministry of Internal Affairs and internal troops[4].
TOZ-123 “Selezen”
is a smooth-bore hunting rifle developed in 1996-1997 based on the KS-23[5][6].
Also chambered for the 23X75R mm cartridge is a single-shot pistol "Tulyak" (essentially a variant of the OF-93 shotgun) and an insert barrel for the GP-25 "Larry" grenade launcher [7]

Lecture 3. Special means of active defense and support of special operations

Previous9Next

Special active defense weapons (SAW or, as they are often called in the media, non-lethal weapons (OND)) are means that, when used normally, should not lead to irreversible consequences (death or serious) injuries for those against whom they are directed. The main purpose of using such means is neutralization, not defeat; damage to the health and physical condition of people must be kept to a minimum. Means for supporting special operations differ from self-propelled guns only in the most pronounced effect associated with the very nature of emergency situations and a wider range of choice of technical means and methods of its use.

These categories include a wide range of mechanical, chemical, electrical and light-sound devices used by law enforcement agencies and intelligence services to provide a psychophysical, traumatic and restraining effect on the offender, temporarily incapacitating him.

As a rule, special means are used by law enforcement agencies to detain offenders, suppress active resistance on their part, free hostages, suppress and eliminate group hooliganism and riots.

§1. Composition and characteristics of special active defense equipment

According to the nature of the impact on the offender, special means are divided into:

traumatic effect:

— rubber sticks (PR-63, PR-73, PR-73M, PR-89, PR-90);

— special carbines (KS-23);

— pistols intended for shooting traumatic cartridges;

— light-and-sound grenades with rubber shrapnel (GSZ-Sh).

tear and irritant action:

- aerosol packages with tear gas (“Cheryomukha-10”, (“Lilac-10”, “Cheryomukha-110M”, “Teren-4”, etc.) or pepper compounds (aerosol sprayers “Rezeda-10”, “Rezeda-10M” ", "St. John's wort-10", "St. John's wort-10M") and gas grenades;

electroshock action:

— electroshock devices (ESHU-100, ESHU-200, ESHU-300);

— electroshock devices, autonomous spark gaps (“AIR-107”, “AIR-107U”).

restraining action (wrist bracelets (handcuffs) BR-58, BR-S, BKS-1, BOS).

Despite the fact that, by the nature of the impact on the offender (enemy), special means have something in common with non-lethal weapons, these two concepts should be fundamentally distinguished. First of all, special equipment differs from weapons in terms of the goals pursued (the desired result), the intensity of use and the amount of harm caused.

If the main purpose of using weapons is the physical destruction of the enemy or causing him such harm that will incapacitate him for a long time, then the use of special means pursues the goal of briefly incapacitating the enemy without causing serious harm with the obligatory preservation of life. However, there are views on special equipment as non-lethal weapons, which combines two incompatible concepts. Special means do not apply to weapons.

In most countries, for the personal protection of citizens from unlawful attacks, legislation allows the storage, carrying and use of such special civilian means as pistols for shooting traumatic cartridges, gas pistols, aerosol cans with irritants, and electric shock devices.

rubber sticks are used to repel an attack or suppress disobedience and are designed to strike various parts of the offender’s body. Rubber sticks are used:

— in cases of repelling an attack on citizens and employees of the penal system;

— suppression of resistance provided to the employee;

- suppression of mass riots and group actions that disrupt the work of transport, communications, enterprises, institutions and organizations;

The rubber stick “PR-73” is a non-reinforced rubber cylinder weighing 0.73 kg, length 650 mm, diameter 30 mm. It is made from PR-23 rubber, which retains its properties (elasticity, strength, flexibility, elasticity, etc.) at temperatures from -40° to +40°C. Stick length 650mm, diameter 32mm, weight - about 700g. It is prohibited to strike the head, neck and clavicular area, stomach, or genitals.

The rubber stick “PR-89” is intended for use in confined spaces and cramped conditions. It has a flexible impact element, a comfortable rigid handle, and a telescopic sliding design. Weight - 800 g, length - 450 - 495 mm, diameter - 30 mm.

The PR-90 rubber stick also has a similar design and characteristics.

The universal stick is a monolithic structure with a main polyurethane rod and an additional handle. The service life of such a stick is several times longer than a rubber one. Weight – 700 g, length – 610 mm, rod diameter – 30 mm.

Currently, there are a sufficient number of other types of sticks - “Surprise”, “Argument”, etc.

Special carbine KS-23 (Russia). Carbine KS-23 (Special Carbine 23 mm) - according to its characteristics, it can be classified as both special equipment and a kind of police weapon designed to suppress riots, selective force, mental and chemical influence on offenders.

The carbine is reloaded by a longitudinally sliding fore-end (pump-action), which is rigidly connected to the bolt. The bore is rifled, and when fired, it is locked by turning the bolt. Trigger mechanism of hammer type. The cartridges are fed from a three-round tubular magazine located under the barrel.

Characteristics: type: carabiner; years of operation: mid-1980s - present; designer: Research Institute of Special Equipment of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR; options: KC-23M, Drake; weight: 3.85 kg; length: 904 mm; caliber: 23 mm; mechanism: sliding forend; type of ammunition: tubular under-barrel magazine for 3 rounds; sight: open, with dovetail mount

The development of this weapon began back in the 70s of the 20th century, when the Research Institute of Special Equipment of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR began to solve the problem of creating effective non-lethal weapons to combat riots in places of detention. After a series of studies and experiments, 23 mm shots with gas grenades equipped with an irritant (or rather, a lachrymator - “tear gas”) were developed. Since the requirements for the new weapon included firing such grenades at fairly long ranges and with good accuracy (with the ability to hit the first grenade into an ordinary window from a distance of 100-150 meters), a rifled barrel had to be used for the new weapon. To simplify and reduce the cost of production, lightweight and shortened barrels from 23 mm aircraft guns were used.

A new model called the KS-23 (Special Carbine, 23 mm) began to enter service with the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs in the mid-1980s, and currently the KS-23 is in service with law enforcement agencies of Russia and some neighboring countries, being an effective means for riot control, as well as a special means for detaining dangerous criminals. In the nineties, based on the KS-23, KS-23M and KS-23K carbines were developed, which were smaller in size and more suitable for use in tight spaces.

The KS-23M carbine differed from the base model only in the presence of a removable butt and a shortened barrel, while the KS-23K carbine had a bullpup-type layout and a detachable box magazine. Only the KS-23M variant was put into serial production. In addition, during the same period, at the Tula Arms Plant, on the basis of the KS-23, a 4th caliber hunting rifle “Selezen” was developed, which actually differed from the KS-23 only in the smooth bore (without rifling). Despite some interest among potential buyers in this model, the “Selezen” gun never went on general sale.

In general, the KS-23 carbine is a rather interesting incident in the classification of small arms. Firstly, according to the still valid GOST 28653-90 “Small arms. Terms and definitions" this carbine is not a small weapon at all, because has a caliber of more than 20 millimeters, and from the point of view of the standard should already be considered small-caliber artillery. Secondly, despite the use of a rifled barrel, the KS-23 uses cartridges that are structurally similar to cartridges for smooth-bore weapons, having a composite sleeve with a brass bottom and a folder body. In addition, in addition to caliber grenades and bullets, the KS-23 can also routinely use cartridges with ordinary buckshot, similar to 4-caliber hunting cartridges.

Previous9Next

Date added: 2016-07-27; views: 7942; ORDER A WORK WRITING

Operating countries

Armenia Armenia[8]
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan is in service with the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan[9], employees of correctional institutions of the Committee of the Penal System of the Ministry of Justice[10], as well as military personnel of the disciplinary military unit of the Ministry of Defense[11]
Russia Russia is in service with the internal affairs bodies, internal troops[12] and border troops[13], and was previously also in service with the tax police[14].
USSR USSR
Uzbekistan Uzbekistan is in service with the State Customs Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan[15]

A cartridge with a tear grenade for firing from the KS-23.

⇐ PreviousPage 3 of 4Next ⇒

16. Choose the correct answer. Aerosol spray "St. John's wort-10" is:

2. special irritant;

17. Choose the correct answer. The Zarya-2 grenade is:

Light and sound hand grenade.

18. Problem.

The crew of the detention team of the security department arrived at the Atelier-2 facility upon an “Alarm” signal. While police officers were inspecting the facility, an unknown citizen jumped from the second floor balcony with a backpack in his hands and tried to escape from the scene. He did not respond to demands to stop. In order to detain the offender, policeman Shmelev fired five warning shots upward from his service pistol, and then a aimed shot at the escaping man, causing him a tangential wound to his right shin.

Are the actions of the police officer legal in this situation?

No.

19. Problem.

While on patrol, policeman Suleimenov and Rodin saw a group of men kicking Ms. Godovinova and Mr. Nazarov as they lay on the ground. The police officers, having arrived at the scene, demanded that the beating of citizens stop and tried to drag the attackers away, but the latter continued their actions. Then Suleimenov took out his weapon and put it on alert. At that moment, one of the attackers turned sharply, took out a knife, and began waving it, trying to stab Suleimenov in the abdomen. As a result of the shot fired by Suleymanov, the attacker was wounded in the thigh. Are the actions of the police officer legal in this situation?

Yes.

20. Problem.

At about three o'clock in the morning, during operational search activities in the forest park, a police squad discovered a man who, upon seeing the police officers, tried to escape. When detaining an unknown person, PPS police sergeant V.V. Yepanyan fired several shots towards the fleeing man, wounding him in the back. It turned out to be Lysenko V.N., unemployed, in whose clothes 10 grams of marijuana were found, and the traces of the treads of his shoes were similar to the traces found earlier in the places of unsolved thefts.

Are the actions of the police officer legal in this situation?

No.

Ticket number 6

1. Is the definition correct? The clearing and demining group - carries out the tasks of making passages in barricades (blockages), mine-explosive and other obstacles by blowing them up or dismantling them, including using certain types of weapons, engineering equipment, special equipment and tools.

Yes.

2. Is the definition correct? 1. The cover group may include employees of police units whose job responsibilities include performing operational (combat) tasks with sniper weapons.

Yes.

3. Continue with the definition. Reserve group -

1. intended to solve assigned tasks during a special operation (event) in case of complications of the situation. The number of reserves is determined by the head of the special operation (event);

4. Answer the question. Can special forces, in cooperation with units of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs, and other government bodies in the prescribed manner, be involved in ensuring the safety of citizens and public order on the streets, squares, stadiums, squares, parks, highways, train stations, airports, sea and river ports and other public places by conducting raids and special operations (events) to target the most crime-dangerous places in order to prevent and suppress crimes, as well as to protect the life, health, rights and freedoms of citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens and stateless persons .

Yes.

5. Is the statement true? The decision to use the forces and means of special forces is made by the commanders of these special forces and their deputies in order to perform tasks within the service territory.

No.

6. Is the statement true? A decision formalized by an order for a special unit should include: tasks for groups of combat order and organization of interaction; time of departure from the point of permanent deployment, occupation of initial positions by battle formation groups; management organization.

Yes.

7. What is the safe distance for people located in open areas when detonating charges up to 10 kg. without a shell when blasting brick, stone, concrete and reinforced concrete?

1) 350 meters;

8. What is the safe distance for people located in open areas when detonating charges up to 10 kg. without a shell when blasting openly located metal structures?

3) 500 meters;

9. What is an improvised explosive device (IED)?

1) this is a device in which at least one of the elements is made in a home-made way or its non-industrial, unregulated assembly is installed, i.e. the design of the device finally prepared for explosion is not specified by the requirements of the relevant technical specifications for its manufacture;

10. Choose the correct option. The time required to bring the personnel of the internal affairs bodies to the level of readiness No. 2 during working hours is:

An hour and 30 minutes.

11. Choose the correct option. Action on the Arsenal alert signal.

Prevention and suppression of crimes of a terrorist nature at military installations.

12. Choose the correct option. Action on the “Volcano” alert signal.

2) Suppression of mass riots and other illegal actions, accompanied by violent actions, creating a direct threat to the life and safety of citizens, the normal activities of state authorities of the Russian Federation and local governments, disrupting traffic, the operation of communications and organizations (with the exception of facilities of institutions and bodies penal system).

13. Choose the correct answer. When providing first aid for frostbite, it is necessary to rub the frostbitten part of the body with snow:

No.

14. When providing first aid for acute abdominal pain, the patient must be given an anesthetic before the doctor arrives:

No.

15. Choose the correct answer. The special helmet “Jeta” is designed to protect:

Human heads from piercing weapons, blows with blunt objects.

16. Choose the correct answer. The protective helmet ZSh-1-2M is designed to protect:

1. human heads from bullets from a PSM pistol, a Tokarev pistol (TT), protection class 2;

17. Choose the correct answer. The 23 mm Volna-R cartridge is:

2. cartridge with a rubber bullet for shooting from a KS-23 carbine;

18. Problem.

To the district commissioner Art. Police Lieutenant Arkhipov, who was walking with the victim (and material evidence) along the street, was attacked by Mr. Gusev, a suspect in the crime. The latter tried to snatch things from the district police officer, threatened with violence, did not respond to verbal warnings, but, on the contrary, picked up a brick and an iron rod that were lying nearby. He threw a brick at the policeman, and then, moving towards the policeman, tried to hit him on the head with an iron rod. . Then the police officer, after firing a warning shot, fired a aimed shot and wounded the attacker in the thigh.

Are the actions of the police officer legal in this situation?

Yes.

19. Problem.

At about 4:20 am, conscripts Mozharevsky and Bessonov tried to steal a VAZ-2109 car. The security department that arrived at the scene detained Mozharevsky, and Bessonov tried to escape from the scene. In order to detain the latter, policeman Rastorguev fired two warning shots upward (to which Bessonov did not react), and then fired a aimed shot at the escaping man and wounded Bessonov in the right leg, after which he was detained and taken to the police department.

Are the actions of the police officer legal in this situation?

No.

20. Problem.

At about 12 o'clock, when a patrol squad of the document security department checked three suspicious persons, one of them refused to present documents and, pushing away the policeman Izhboldin, tried to escape. While chasing him, a police officer, after firing a warning shot from his service pistol, wounded the fleeing man in the leg. Are the actions of the police officer legal in this situation?

No.

Ticket number 7

1. Choose the correct answer. At what stage of the decision does the involved personnel arrive at the site of the special operation (event)?

At the preparatory stage.

2. Is the statement true? When conducting a special operation to suppress group violations of public order and mass riots, the following tactics are used - blocking, displacement, dissection, and detention.

Yes.

3. Is the statement true? A decision issued by an order for a special unit must include: a list of all regulatory documents regulating the conduct of this special operation.

No.

4. An order, an approved plan for a mass event or a task is transferred for execution to special forces, taking into account the time required to prepare the special forces for a special operation (event), but not less than:

Hours.

5. Can special forces, in cooperation with units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, and other government bodies in the prescribed manner, be involved in the implementation of force support measures when transporting passengers and cargo by vehicles.

Yes.

6. Can special forces, in cooperation with units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, and other government bodies in the prescribed manner, be involved in measures to unblock (clear) obstacles that disrupt the work of transport, communications, organizations, rescue and evacuate people, including from zones dangerous for their stay, providing them with first aid, if necessary, as well as suppressing theft or deliberate destruction of property.

Yes.

7. What is the fire cord (OSH) intended for?

2) The fire cord is designed to initiate CD in incendiary tubes and ignite powder charges;

8. What is the safe distance for people located in open areas when detonating charges up to 10 kg. without a shell when blasting brick, stone, concrete and reinforced concrete?

1) 350 meters;

9. Who is allowed to work using certain weapons?

3) employees of internal affairs bodies who have been trained and have the right to carry out blasting operations;

10. Choose the correct option. The time required to bring the personnel of the internal affairs bodies to the level of readiness No. 1 from readiness No. 2 during working hours is:

Hour

11. Choose the correct option. Action on the warning signal “Blizzard”.

⇐ Previous3Next ⇒

Notes


Pistols	APB • APS • SME • • PL-14 • • PMM • PSM • PSS • • P-96 • GSh-18 • SPS • Strizh • OTs-21 • OTs-23 • OTs-27

Submachine guns	OTs-02 • PP-19 • PP-2000 • PP-90 • PP-90M1 • PP-91 • PP-93 • SR-2 • AEK-919K • TKB- 0247

Kalashnikov assault rifles	• AKM • AKMSU • AK74 • AKS74U • AK-101/102/103/104/105 • AK-107/108 • AK-9 • Tiss • OTs-14 • AK-12

Other machines	80.002 • A-91 • AB-5.45/7.62 • AN-94 • AEK-971 • ADS • APS • ASM-DT • AO-38 • AO-46 • AO-62 • - 63 • - 65 • AO-222 • Val • SR-3 • TKB-022 • TKB-059 • TKB-408 • TKB-517 • 9A-91

Rifles and carbines	SKS • KS-23

Sniper rifles	SVK • SVD • SVDS • SVU • SVDK • VS-121 • Vintorez • VSK-94 • SV-98 • SV-99 • SVL • T-5000 • VS-8 • OSV-96 • KSVK • ASVK • VSSK • TKB-0145K • MC-116M

Machine guns	6P62 • AEK-995 • AEK-999 • AO-22 • AO-29 • DShK • SG-43 • Slostin machine gun • RPD • RP-46 • RPK • RPK-74 • Pecheneg • PU-21 • 2B-P-45 • • TKB-015 • TKB-264 • TKB-464 • TKB-521 • Turner • KPV • Kord • NSV-12.7

Grenade launchers and rocket-propelled grenades	AGS-17 • AGS-30 • AGS-40 • Bur • GM-93/94 • RG-6 • RGS-50 • RPG-1 • RPG-2 • RPG-4 • RPG-7 • RPG-16 • RPG-18 • RPG-22 • RPG-26 • RPG-27 • RPG-28 • RPG-29 • RPG-30 • RPG-32 • SG-82 • SPG-9

Flamethrowers	LPO-50 • Lynx • Bumblebee • RShG-1 • RShG-2

ATGM	Malyutka • Bassoon • Metis • Cornet

MANPADS	Strela-2 • Strela-3 • Needle • Willow

Guns	RMB-93

Hand grenades	F-1 • RG-42 • RGD-5 • RPG-43 • RPG-6 • RKG-3 • RDG-2 • RGN • RGO

Weapon cartridges	5.45×18 mm • 5.45×39 mm • 6×49 mm • 7.62×39 mm • 7.62×41.5 mm ( 7Н36 ) • 7.62×54 mm R • 8.6×70 mm • 9×18 mm • 9×19 mm • 9×21 mm • 9×39 mm • 9.3×64 mm • 12.7×55 mm • 12.7×108 mm • 14.5×114 mm

Italic experimental (not accepted for service) samples have been identified

KS-23K Drozd (Russia)

This is perhaps the most terrifying melee weapon you can find. What's so scary about it? No, not the appearance... These weapons are most often classified as shotguns, which is why I will classify them there too. However, in addition to the possibility of firing shot, its barrel is rifled. Moreover, the caliber of this monster is 23 mm (by comparison, the caliber of large-caliber snipers is usually 12.7 mm, and shotguns - 18.5 mm), which, in combination with rifling and a monolithic steel bullet, allows you to hit an African elephant with the first shot. And the history of this weapon began not so long ago.

The OTs-28 carbine was developed at the Tula TsKIBSOO in the late 1990s in parallel with the KS-23K, created at KBP. The carbine turned out to be more expensive to produce, so in 1998 the KS-23K was adopted for service, not the OTs-28.

The OTs-28 shotgun was developed for arming the police and internal troops of Russia. OTs-28 is designed to suppress riots, selective force, mental and chemical influence.

The carbine is not automatic; it is reloaded by a longitudinally sliding fore-end, rigidly connected to the bolt. When fired, the bore is locked by turning the bolt. The trigger mechanism is a trigger type. The OTs-28 cartridges are fed from a direct detachable 5-round magazine. The magazine release is located on the left side of the receiver, above the front of the trigger guard opening. The mechanical safety box is located on the right side of the receiver, above the pistol grip. The carbine has a folding shoulder rest, which in the stowed position folds over the receiver.

For shooting, the entire range of cartridges used for shooting from the KS-23 is used. Barrel attachments “Nozzle-6” and “Nozzle-12” are also used.

Then in Tula, at the KBP they decided to completely remake the weapon. In particular, they immediately abandoned the tubular magazine and replaced it with a box-shaped one, detachable like a machine gun. The capacity of this magazine was increased to 7 rounds. The weapon was converted to a bullpup layout with the magazine located in the butt, thereby achieving a length of 741 mm. A rubber butt pad was placed on the back of the receiver, which is also the butt, so that when firing, the hand would not be torn off and, in general, the recoil would be more easily tolerated. They made a carrying handle above the receiver, which made it convenient to carry a four-kilogram execution tool. The rear sight of the sight was mounted on the same handle. The front sight mounted on the muzzle of the weapon turned out to be of decent size. A more ergonomic anatomical fire control handle was installed on the weapon.

Unfortunately, it was not possible to convert the weapon to a semi-automatic weapon, since due to the too strong cartridges, after a few shots the bolt would have flown into the shooter’s shoulder. I had to leave behind a stronger and more reliable, but slower-firing pump-action mechanism. That is, before each shot you need to move the fore-end.

The new weapon was named KS-23K (Special Carbine, 23 mm, Short), as well as the code name Drozd from its ancestors. In 1998 it was put into service. Now it is mass-produced at NPO Tekhnika.

Interestingly, this is a very little-known weapon and photographs of it on the Internet are quite difficult to find.

It is used mainly by GRU special forces and other super-elite units, which are usually not photographed, for shooting through concrete walls, knocking down heavy metal doors, stopping traffic and the like. They usually don’t shoot at people because after it hits, the person hit cannot be identified.

For the KS-23K, all the same cartridges and gadgets are used as for a simple Drozd: - 23 mm cartridge "PV-23" blank, to simulate a shot, or throwing over-caliber grenades from a special table-top mortar. — 23 mm “PV-23M” ejection cartridge, for shooting locks. — 23 mm Volna cartridge with an inert container. Used as educational. — 23 mm Zvezda cartridge with a light-sound shock grenade instead of a bullet. It is used to stun criminals, as well as to disperse demonstrators by exerting mental influence on them. — 23 mm “Hello” cartridge with a rubber bullet (Brilliant name, however...) for shooting, not to death, particularly ardent demonstrators. — 23 mm Volna-R cartridge with a rubber bullet. A more powerful analogue of Hello with a maximum range of destruction (well, so as to deprive it of combat effectiveness with one hit) - 70 meters. Moreover, it is not allowed to shoot closer than 40 meters, because closer to it the target can be torn apart. It is used mainly to detain especially dangerous criminals. — 23 mm cartridge “Strela-3” with a plastic bullet. An even more powerful, but non-lethal cartridge for detaining especially dangerous criminals. — 23 mm cartridge “Cheryomukha-7M” with a gas grenade filled with CN irritant instead of a bullet. Designed to disperse crowds of demonstrators. — 23 mm cartridge “Lilac-7” with a gas grenade filled with CS irritant instead of a bullet. Designed to disperse crowds of demonstrators. — 23 mm cartridge “Shrapnel-10” with buckshot. An instrument of execution, because it covers areas. The target range is 10 meters, since beyond that the spread of buckshot is generally uncontrollable. Designed for indoor combat with superior enemy numbers. — 23 mm cartridge “Shrapnel-25” with buckshot. An even more terrible execution tool, since the target range is 25 meters. Further, it is unlikely that you will be able to hit someone in particular, because it covers areas, but up to 25 meters it is guaranteed to destroy everything living and non-living, with the exception of those that have armor higher than the seventh class or are well concreted. — 23 mm “Barricade” cartridge with a steel bullet. Designed for shooting at cars, as well as through thin walls. It is not intended to shoot at people, since after a hit, it is almost impossible to identify who the enemy was... - It is also known from some sources that there are extremely rarely used cumulative, concrete-piercing and armor-piercing cartridges.

I have already mentioned that there is a mortar mounted on the barrel for firing even larger ammunition. There are actually two of them. — One has a caliber almost like that of a German anti-tank gun from the beginning of the Second World War - 36 mm. It is called “Nozzle-6” and they fire from it a 36 mm “Cheryomukha-6” grenade filled with CN irritant, again to disperse demonstrators. - But there is also a completely creepy second mortar - “Nozzle-12” of 82mm caliber... It is used to fire an 82 mm “Cheryomukha-12” grenade filled with CN irritant, and again to disperse demonstrators.

There is also an OTs-06 “Cat” attachment, which throws the “Cat” harpoon at a distance of 35 meters, or to a height of 20 meters (well, at a seven-story building).

Thus, the KS-23, although practically unknown, is essentially a powerful melee weapon with a colossal stopping and penetrating effect of a bullet cartridge. However, the fact that this is a special forces weapon still makes it unknown. It’s a pity that few people know this instrument, but this does not make the chances of “giving a thrush!” the enemy only increases.

TTX

Caliber: 23 mm Cartridge: 23×76mm PV-23, 23×76mm PV-23M, 23×76mm Zvezda, 23×76mm Hi, 23×76mm Volna-R, 23×76mm Cheryomukha-7M, S23×76mm Siren-7 , 23x76mm Shrapnel-10, 23x76mm Shrapnel-25, 23x76mm Barricade and other 23x76mm special cartridges. Weight: 4 kg (without magazine) Length: 741 mm Barrel length: 460 mm Sighting range: 100 meters Magazine: box-shaped for 7 rounds.

Excerpt characterizing KS-23

He kissed his sister hand in hand, as was their habit. - Hello, Marie, how did you get there? - he said in a voice as even and alien as his gaze. If he had screamed with a desperate cry, then this cry would have terrified Princess Marya less than the sound of this voice. – And did you bring Nikolushka? – he said also evenly and slowly and with an obvious effort of recollection. – How is your health now? - said Princess Marya, herself surprised at what she was saying. “This, my friend, is something you need to ask the doctor,” he said, and, apparently making another effort to be affectionate, he said with just his mouth (it was clear that he did not mean what he was saying): “Merci, chere amie.” , d'être venue. [Thank you, dear friend, for coming.] Princess Marya shook his hand. He winced slightly when she shook her hand. He was silent and she didn't know what to say. She understood what happened to him in two days. In his words, in his tone, especially in this look - a cold, almost hostile look - one could feel the alienation from everything worldly, terrible for a living person. He apparently now had difficulty understanding all living things; but at the same time it was felt that he did not understand the living, not because he was deprived of the power of understanding, but because he understood something else, something that the living did not and could not understand and that absorbed him completely. - Yes, that’s how strange fate brought us together! – he said, breaking the silence and pointing at Natasha. “She keeps following me.” Princess Marya listened and did not understand what he was saying. He, the sensitive, gentle Prince Andrei, how could he say this in front of the one he loved and who loved him! If he had thought about living, he would not have said this in such a coldly insulting tone. If he didn’t know that he would die, then how could he not feel sorry for her, how could he say this in front of her! There was only one explanation for this, and that was that he didn’t care, and it didn’t matter because something else, something more important, was revealed to him. The conversation was cold, incoherent and interrupted constantly. “Marie passed through Ryazan,” said Natasha. Prince Andrei did not notice that she called his sister Marie. And Natasha, calling her that in front of him, noticed it herself for the first time. - Well, what? - he said. “They told her that Moscow was completely burned down, that it was as if... Natasha stopped: it was impossible to speak. He obviously made an effort to listen, but still could not. “Yes, it burned down, they say,” he said. “This is very pathetic,” and he began to look forward, absentmindedly straightening his mustache with his fingers. – Have you met Count Nikolai, Marie? - Prince Andrei suddenly said, apparently wanting to please them. “He wrote here that he really liked you,” he continued simply, calmly, apparently unable to understand all the complex meaning that his words had for living people. “If you fell in love with him too, it would be very good... for you to get married,” he added somewhat more quickly, as if delighted by the words that he had been looking for for a long time and finally found. Princess Marya heard his words, but they had no other meaning for her, except that they proved how terribly far he was now from all living things. - What to say about me! – she said calmly and looked at Natasha. Natasha, feeling her gaze on her, did not look at her. Again everyone was silent. “Andre, do you want...” Princess Marya suddenly said in a shuddering voice, “do you want to see Nikolushka?” He thought about you all the time. Prince Andrei smiled faintly for the first time, but Princess Marya, who knew his face so well, realized with horror that it was not a smile of joy, not tenderness for her son, but of quiet, gentle mockery of what Princess Marya used, in her opinion. , the last resort to bring him to his senses. – Yes, I’m very happy about Nikolushka. He is healthy? When they brought Nikolushka to Prince Andrei, who was looking at his father in fear, but was not crying, because no one was crying, Prince Andrei kissed him and, obviously, did not know what to say to him. When Nikolushka was taken away, Princess Marya went up to her brother again, kissed him and, unable to resist any longer, began to cry. He looked at her intently. – Are you talking about Nikolushka? - he said. Princess Marya, crying, bowed her head affirmatively. “Marie, you know Evan...” but he suddenly fell silent. - What are you saying? - Nothing. There’s no need to cry here,” he said, looking at her with the same cold gaze. When Princess Marya began to cry, he realized that she was crying that Nikolushka would be left without a father. With great effort he tried to return to life and was transported to their point of view. “Yes, they must find it pathetic! - he thought. - How simple it is! “The birds of the air neither sow nor reap, but your father feeds them,” he said to himself and wanted to say the same to the princess. “But no, they will understand it in their own way, they will not understand! What they cannot understand is that all these feelings that they value are all ours, all these thoughts that seem so important to us are that they are not needed. We can't understand each other." - And he fell silent. Prince Andrei's little son was seven years old. He could barely read, he didn't know anything. He experienced a lot after this day, acquiring knowledge, observation, and experience; but if he had then possessed all these later acquired abilities, he could not have understood better, more deeply the full meaning of that scene that he saw between his father, Princess Marya and Natasha than he understood it now. He understood everything and, without crying, left the room, silently approached Natasha, who followed him out, and shyly looked at her with thoughtful, beautiful eyes; his raised, rosy upper lip trembled, he leaned his head against it and began to cry. From that day on, he avoided Desalles, avoided the countess who was caressing him, and either sat alone or timidly approached Princess Marya and Natasha, whom he seemed to love even more than his aunt, and quietly and shyly caressed them. Princess Marya, leaving Prince Andrei, fully understood everything that Natasha’s face told her. She no longer spoke to Natasha about the hope of saving his life. She alternated with her at his sofa and did not cry anymore, but prayed incessantly, turning her soul to that eternal, incomprehensible, whose presence was now so palpable over the dying man. Prince Andrei not only knew that he would die, but he felt that he was dying, that he was already half dead. He experienced a consciousness of alienation from everything earthly and a joyful and strange lightness of being. He, without haste and without worry, awaited what lay ahead of him. That formidable, eternal, unknown and distant, the presence of which he never ceased to feel throughout his entire life, was now close to him and - due to the strange lightness of being that he experienced - almost understandable and felt. Before, he was afraid of the end. He experienced this terrible, painful feeling of fear of death, of the end, twice, and now he no longer understood it. The first time he experienced this feeling was when a grenade was spinning like a top in front of him and he looked at the stubble, at the bushes, at the sky and knew that death was in front of him. When he woke up after the wound and in his soul, instantly, as if freed from the oppression of life that held him back, this flower of love, eternal, free, independent of this life, blossomed, he was no longer afraid of death and did not think about it. The more he, in those hours of suffering solitude and semi-delirium that he spent after his wound, thought about the new beginning of eternal love that had been revealed to him, the more he, without feeling it himself, renounced earthly life. Everything, to love everyone, to always sacrifice oneself for love, meant not loving anyone, meant not living this earthly life. And the more he was imbued with this principle of love, the more he renounced life and the more completely he destroyed that terrible barrier that, without love, stands between life and death. When, at first, he remembered that he had to die, he said to himself: well, so much the better.

Special carbines and pistols Actions

Barrelless pistol PB-4SP "Osa". Designed for individual protection of software employees at close distances. The complex also includes special non-lethal cartridges with a traumatic light-sound lighting or signal charge. Developed early 1997

The concept of special Operations, their purposes and types. Concept and classification of means of supporting operations

The term “special operation” appeared in the regulations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs relatively recently. This term emphasizes the exclusivity of this type of operational-service and service-combat activity of internal affairs bodies and internal troops.

Based on the results of the analysis of regulations and literary sources, we can conclude that, theoretically, special operations can be characterized by certain specific categories (concepts). In this case, categories are understood as scientifically expressed general properties and connections of the phenomena of reality.

Special operations are one of the most complex types of activities of the bodies and troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Characteristic of them is the involvement of a relatively large number of forces and assets of the internal affairs department, internal troops, federal security service (FSB), etc., different in composition, subordination and purpose;

The ultimate goals of the operation are achieved by carrying out a number of activities: operational, security, investigative and others, and various types of combat operations, characterized by high maneuverability, rapid change of situation, and dynamism.

Combat actions in an operation can unfold over a vast territory and last for a long time, and in some operations they are local in nature and proceed quickly.

A special operation is a complex of operational search, reconnaissance, counterintelligence, preventive measures, force and investigative actions carried out by involved forces according to a single plan under centralized control in one or several areas in order to prevent, suppress and eliminate the consequences of a crisis situation of a terrorist nature, as well as other criminal nature, not related to terrorism.

The preparation and conduct of such operations covers a wide range of diverse issues and requires high responsibility, solid knowledge of tactical techniques for carrying out various activities and actions

Types of special operations:

— to apprehend armed criminals in various conditions;

— to detain a criminal group that hijacked an aircraft;

— to detect and eliminate enemy sabotage and reconnaissance groups;

— to suppress and eliminate mass riots;

— to eliminate the consequences of natural disasters and major industrial accidents.

Each type of special operation has its own characteristics, which are expressed in the difference in tactical methods of conducting combat operations, in the composition of the grouping of forces and means, in the elements of its combat order, in the organizational structure of the group, etc.

The goals of special operations can be general or specific.

The general goal includes restoring public order disrupted by emergency circumstances at an object, district, city, or certain territory and ensuring the protection of people’s lives and health, preventing (reducing) damage to state, public, personal (private) property and cultural values, detecting criminals and suppression (neutralization) of their criminal actions.

The particular purpose of a specific special operation will be determined and depend on the nature and type of emergency circumstances, to eliminate which the entire range of measures of the special operation is organized and carried out. The difficulty of the task for the head of a special operation lies in correctly identifying specific goals on the basis of which to make an appropriate decision and assign tasks to those controlled subsystems that can effectively implement it in relation to the target (a single armed criminal or an armed criminal group).

Private targets of special operations can be:

- search and detention (neutralization) of armed and other especially dangerous criminals, including those hiding or having escaped from the scene of a crime, those who have escaped from places of detention or from the protection of a convoy, guard, as well as armed deserters;

-release of hostages in various situations;

- suppression of hijacking of aircraft and other vehicles;

- suppression of the seizure of important objects: buildings, premises, structures and areas of terrain captured by criminals;

- suppression of a terrorist act;

- suppression of riots in populated areas;

Stages of special operations and their content

Regardless of the type and features, each special operation consists of three stages:

Stage 1 – organizing the operation, Stage 2 – conducting the operation,

Stage 3 – completion of the operation.

Special means of supporting operations are those used during operations for non-lethal active influence on

Offenders in order to protect objects of power and public organizations (associations) of citizens or persons from attacks associated

With violence dangerous to life or health

Operations support facilities (OSF) include:

1. Means of psychophysiological influence by light acoustic impulses

2. Tear release agents

3. Small explosive devices

4. Devices for forced stopping of transport

5. Special weapons and equipment

6. Service dogs

20. Means of psychophysiological influence by light and acoustic impulses...

These special means are intended to provide a non-contact psychophysiological effect on the offender. The principle of their action is the acoustic and light directed impact on the organs of perception of external information: the organs of hearing and vision. This leads to a short-term suppression of psycho-volitional stability, accompanied by a temporary deterioration of vision and psychomotor reactions at the reflex level: shuddering, changes in heartbeat and breathing.

Noise (sound) is random vibrations of various physical natures. A person begins to perceive sound if its intensity exceeds a minimum limit called the hearing threshold. An increase in noise intensity causes pain and damage to the hearing aid, up to rupture of the eardrums.

Light is electromagnetic waves in the frequency range perceived by the human eye. By acting through the receptor - the organ of vision, light causes impulses that excite or depress the central nervous system, rearranging physiological and psychological reactions, changing the general tone of the body. Although most of the reactions caused by light in the human body have a positive effect, there are still harmful aspects of the action of light, and the main one is blinding.

Glare is a disturbance in the visual perception of the eyes caused by a sharp disturbance in the level of general illumination or brightness. Reason

This may be due to exposure to either sunlight or man-made lighting devices.

If we compare the effects of stunning and blinding in terms of the effectiveness of their impact, then, of course, the impact of sound in terms of effectiveness is the main one, since a light flash can be effective if a number of conditions are met: the presence of offenders in the shadow zone, unprotected eyes, which should be turned towards side of the device used, etc.

The physiology of exposure in the range of perceived sound frequencies is based on the creation of sound vibrations that are unpleasant to perceive, such as “ringing in the ears,” “metal grinding on glass,” etc. When exposed, a variety of subjective sensations are possible: fear, vomiting, discomfort in the abdominal and thoracic cavity. Efficiency directly depends on range and presence of obstacles

21.small explosive devices…

Currently, the following small explosive devices (SEDs) are in service: “Scissors”; "Pulse"; "Key".

The “Scissors” small-sized explosive device (SED) consists of 16 explosive elements and an electric detonator.

Designed to destroy metal grill bars, door hinges and other similar objects with a diameter of 10 to 30 mm.

Destruction is carried out remotely by detonating explosives using a current source.

The small-sized explosive device “Impulse” (OTS-1, OTS-2) is designed for emergency punching of holes in metal barriers: room doors, vehicles and other obstacles, the strength of which corresponds to a steel sheet up to 8 mm thick.

The “Impulse” product consists of an explosive substance of the “EVV-11” elastide brand (composition hexogen - 79%, plasticizer - 21%), and is white.

The “Key” small-sized explosive device is designed for emergency punching of a hole with a diameter of 180 mm in doors and other barriers, corresponding in strength to a pine board up to 60 mm thick.

It is a longitudinally ribbed (old design, new without ribs and softer) rubber hose of bright or pale pink color. Inside the hose there is an explosive (A-IX-1 - RDX - 95%, phlegmatizer - 5%) in the form of an orange powder. Plastic plugs are inserted into the hose holes at both ends so that one can insert the end of the hose, with the plug adapter, into the other when forming the charge circuit. The hose is equipped with two rubber rings that serve to secure the detonator to the charge, and there are also three pieces of adhesive tape wound at an equal distance from each other and used to secure the MVD to the surface of the barrier being pierced.

22. device for forced stopping of transport...

Forced stopping of a vehicle (hereinafter in this paragraph also referred to as PO) is a forced measure when detaining an offender who is committing, has already committed or is about to commit a crime using a vehicle. A vehicle is a device designed to transport on roads people, goods or equipment installed on it[

A forced stop of a vehicle can be carried out using special means (clause 74.1 of the Administrative Regulations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation for the execution of the state function of control and supervision of compliance by road users with requirements in the field of ensuring road safety, approved by order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia dated 03/02/2009 No. 185).

To solve problems related to the forced stop of a vehicle, the police have effective methods, techniques and specially created technical means that provide conditions that exclude the possibility of serious consequences for both public safety in general and the safety of road users. Based on their design, existing software devices can be divided into devices that stop vehicles by braking and devices that act on vehicle components and assemblies.

The best known means of braking are barriers and gates. Devices of this type are charged with the task of preventing unauthorized entry into a protected area, and therefore they are rather stationary and do not differ in the mobility that is necessary in the city.

The most well-known method of software damage is to damage the integrity of the wheel tire material.

The use of software is not allowed: in relation to vehicles intended for the transport of passengers (if there are passengers), vehicles belonging to diplomatic missions and consular offices of foreign states, as well as in relation to motorcycles, sidecars, scooters and mopeds; on mountain roads or sections of roads with limited visibility: at railway crossings, bridges, overpasses, overpasses, in tunnels.

“Hedgehog-Diana” is a special flexible tape with hollow metal spikes. Such a device easily fits into the trunk of a car and is deployed on the road within literally 30 seconds, even by one employee. The device works very efficiently: due to the hollow studs, small circles are cut out of a car tire, air is released from the wheel, and the car quickly stops.

The “Harpoon” auto-barrier is designed for emergency forced stopping of vehicles with pneumatic tires. The device can be used on various types of road surfaces: concrete, asphalt, soil, grassy soil, ice crust. This reusable device is a closed box-shaped container-machine with a spiked barrier that is fired across the road lane, is operated by one person and allows for manual installation of the barrier.

The portable automobile barrier "CACTUS-400 " prevents unauthorized passage of wheeled vehicles and is quickly manually installed on the road surface.

The operational portable barrier “CACTUS-400” consists of an axial guide with cross-shaped blocking stops attached to it.

For fastening to the road surface, “CACTUS-400” is equipped with: - two pyramidal cross-shaped anchor-type supports that are driven into the ground. — two belts (slings) with metal carabiners at the ends. The slings are attached using metal carabiners to anchor supports driven into the ground and to semi-rings located at the ends of the fence. Using slings and metal carabiners, it is possible to connect several products together, thereby increasing the length of the fence.

Thanks to the reflective elements, “KACTUS-400” is clearly visible in the dark and in poor visibility conditions. The length of the fence is 3m.

23. Water cannons, armored vehicles, armored personnel carriers...

The RF PA is armed with special equipment, which includes water cannons, armored vehicles and armored personnel carriers

The place and time of the appearance of the first water cannon in history are precisely known: Berlin, 1930. It was an armored car with a tank based on a Mercedes. The shooter stood inside the cabin and observed the surrounding situation through the loopholes in the turret located on the roof and equipped with a fire hose.

Water cannons were not produced in the Soviet Union. However, in the 1980s, when the need for water cannons arose, they tried to repurpose fire engines,

But water is only one of the components. The water cannon has three additional tanks of 60 liters each - with gas, paint and foam (the main tank holds 6 tons of water). Paint is mixed into water to “mark” especially active demonstrators. It is made on a beetroot basis, is safe and does not rub off easily from clothes and skin. Thus, tinted troublemakers can be “caught” by red markings after the main events. The gas, a regular pepper-based tear gas, is also mixed into the water. Foam is supplied only to the lower carriage; it is intended exclusively for fighting fire.

Special water jet machines:

The Avalanche-M water cannon is equipped on the basis of the BTR-60 and has the following characteristics:

— equipped with two upper monitors with manual control and two sub-bumper guns;

— maximum jet supply range — 60m;

— pressure in the barrels — 8 atm;

— tank capacity — 8000 l;

— crew — 4 people.

The water cannon is equipped with a fire extinguishing system, a loudspeaker installation, and a gas protection system.

Special weapons installed:

— three-barreled grenade launcher for shooting cluster gas, light-sound, and smoke grenades at 400 m;

— 3 onboard systems for shooting rubber, gas, light and sound ammunition at 200 m;

— 2 aft gas-smoke devices.

Available:

— gas protection system with the release of active compounds through 10 nozzles at 2.5 m;

— autonomous fire extinguishing system;

— loudspeaker installation SGU-500;

— 2 spotlights;

- a means for destroying rubble and barricades;

— “Knife” device with hydraulic drive.

The use of water cannons is permitted provided that the outside air temperature is not below zero degrees

“Taran” is mounted on the MAZ-7313 chassis. Weight 43.2 tons. Tank volume 12.9 m³. Emptying time of tanks: when operating 4 barrels 7 minutes, 2 barrels 15 minutes. The pressure in the barrels is 10 atmospheres. Machine speed when fully loaded is 60 km/h. The cabin glass is shockproof. Water supply range: monitor trunks - 50 m, sub-bumper trunks 30 m. Spraying of active substances along the perimeter 1-2 m.

Armored car "Typhoon-K"

Designed for the Ground Forces and Navy. It is an armored vehicle based on the KamAZ chassis. Can carry up to 16 people in a module for transporting personnel of military units to the battlefield.

Maximum speed is 80 km/h. For him, slopes with an angle of up to 23º and fords with a depth of up to 1.75 m are not an obstacle (in this case, the driver sits waist-deep in water, and the car continues to move).

It has bulletproof and mine protection for the crew, cargo, as well as main components and assemblies.

"Tiger" is a multi-purpose off-road vehicle, armored vehicle, and army SUV. Designed for transporting people (up to 10 people) and various cargoes on and off-road. Independent torsion bar suspension on all wheels and a powerful engine provide the vehicle with exceptional off-road capability and speeds of up to 140 km/h on the highway. The Tiger is capable of crossing water obstacles up to 1.2 m deep.

VPK-3927 “Wolf ” vehicles are designed for transporting personnel (from 8 to 18 people), cargo, and towing trailers weighing up to 2.5 tons. The maximum speed is 120 km/h.

They do not have an all-welded body, which is an important difference from the Tiger armored car. The modular design of the family is the basis for the creation of new generation unified transport platforms.

Mounted armor provides all-round protection for the crew from all major types of small arms (even when firing an armor-piercing bullet from an SVD rifle) and shell fragments.

One of the features of the car is the ability to change the ground clearance from 250 mm to 550 mm.

The BTR-80 armored personnel carrier was developed under the leadership of chief designer A. Masyagin and put into service in 1986,

The vehicle received an improved BPU-1 turret machine gun mount with a vertical guidance angle of 60° and a new 1PZ-2 optical sight, providing anti-aircraft shooting capability

Early series of BTR-80 were equipped with R-123 radio stations, which were later replaced by more modern R-163-50U

The new gun allows the armored personnel carrier to fight not only against light armored targets, but also to disable enemy tanks, hitting surveillance devices and other less protected parts.

The design of the new turret allows firing at high elevation angles (up to 70), hitting enemy aircraft and helicopters at a range of up to 4000 m